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1、UTILITARIANISM1861EDITOR'SNOTE4thed.London:Longmam,Green,Reader,andDyer,1871.Revisedandre-printedfrom3rded.(London:Longmans,Green,ReaderandDyer,1867),2nded.(London:Longman,Green,Longman,Roberts,andGreen,1864),1sted.(London:Parker,Son,andBourn,1863),andFraser'sMagazine,LXIV(Oct.,1861),391
2、-406[Chaps.i-ii],ibid.(Nov.,1861),525-34[Chaps.iii-iv],ibid.(Dec.,1861),658-73[Chap.v].ThearticlesinFraser'swereidenti-fiedas"byJohnStuartMill."DescribedinJSM'sbibliographyas"AnEssayinfiveChaptersentitled'Utilitarianism'publishedinthethreenumbersofFraser'sMagazineforOctober,NovemberandDe
3、cember1861.Reprintedasaseparateworkearlyin1863."(MacMinn,93.)Forafurtheraccountoftheplaceoftheworkinrelationtotheotheressaysinthisvolume,seetheTextualIntroduction,cxxii---cxxviabove.Thefollowingtextiscollatedwiththoseofthe1st,2rid,and3rdeds.,andthatinFraser's.Inthefootnotedvariants,the4t
4、hed.isindicatedby"71";the3rdby"67";the2ndby"64";the1stby"63";andFraser'sby"61".TherearenocopiesofrelevanteditionsinSomervilleCollege.InallversionsthetitleofChap.vbegins"Onthe...";theTablesofContents,however,exceptfor63,give"Ofthe...."Here"On"isaccepted.CHAPTERIGeneralRemarksTHEREAREfewci
5、rcumstancesamongthosewhichmakeupthepresentcondi-tionofhumanknowledge,moreunlikewhatmighthavebeenexpected,ormoresignificantofthebackwardstateinwhichspeculationonthemostim-portantsubjectsstilllingers,thanthelittleprogresswhichhasbeenmadeinthedecisionofthecontroversyrespectingthecriterionof
6、rightandwrong.Fromthedawnofphilosophy,thequestionconcerningthesummumbonum,or,whatisthesamething,concerningthefoundationofmorality,hasbeenaccountedthemainprobleminspeculativethought,hasoccupiedthemostgiftedintellects,anddividedthemintosectsandschools,carryingonavigorouswarfareagainstonean
7、other.Andaftermorethantwothousandyearsthesamediscussionscontinue,philosophersarestillrangedunderthesamecontendingbanners,andneitherthinkersnormankindatlargeseemnearertobeingunanimousonthesubject,thanwhentheyouthSocrateslistenedtotheoldProtagoras,andasserted(ifPlato'sdialo
