经济增长与国际贸易1

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1、Chapter10InternationalTradeandEconomicGrowthThereisagreatdiversityamongthedevelopingcountriesintermsoftheirincomepercapita.Whyaresomecountriessomuchpoorerthanothers?Forabout30yearsafterWorldWarIItradepoliciesinmanydevelopingcountrieswerestronglyinfluencedbythebeliefthatthekeytoeconomicdevel

2、opmentwascreationofastrongmanufacturingsector.Thebestwaytocreateastrongmanufacturingsectorwasbyprotectingdomesticmanufacturersfrominternationalcompetition.IntroductionIntroductionTable1:GrossDomesticProductPerCapita,1999(dollars)Definition&TypesofGrowthDefinitionofGrowthIncreasesinfactorend

3、owmentsFactor-savingtechnologicalprogressTypesofGrowthBalancedGrowthBiasedGrowth:ImportReplacing(IR)GrowthExportExpanding(EE)GrowthExample:China——laborabundant,Rice:labor-intensive,Steel:capital-intensiveExportrice&ImportsteelThebalancedgrowth——bothindustriesgrowatthesamerate.SteelRiceBalan

4、cedGrowthIRGrowth“进口替代型增长”指的是进口替代行业的生产能力增长得比较快，从而使得国内生产增加，一部分原来进口的商品被国内的产品替代了。SteelRiceFromWorldWarIIuntilthe1970smanydevelopingcountriesattemptedtoacceleratetheirdevelopmentbylimitingimportsofmanufacturedgoodstofosteramanufacturingsectorservingthedomesticmarket.Themostimportanteconomicargu

5、mentforprotectingmanufacturingindustriesistheinfantindustryargument.Import-SubstitutingIndustrializationImport-SubstitutingIndustrializationTheInfantIndustryArgumentItstatesthatdevelopingcountrieshaveapotentialcomparativeadvantageinmanufacturingandtheycanrealizethatpotentialthroughaninitial

6、periodofprotection.Itimpliesthatitisagoodideatousetariffsorimportquotasastemporarymeasurestogetindustrializationstarted.Example:TheU.S.andGermanyhadhightariffratesonmanufacturinginthe19thcentury,whileJapanhadextensiveimportcontrolsuntilthe1970s.Import-SubstitutingIndustrializationProblemswi

7、ththeInfantIndustryArgumentItisnotalwaysgoodtotrytomovetodayintotheindustriesthatwillhaveacomparativeadvantageinthefuture.Example:Inthe1980sSouthKoreabecameanexporterofautomobiles,whereasinthe1960sitscapitalandskilledlaborwerestillveryscarce.Protectingma