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1、EthicsJ.L.Mackie–Ethics:InventingRightandWrongChapter1-NotesJ.L.Mackie–Ethics:InventingRightandWrongPreface·Ethicaljudgementsdivideintofirstandsecondorders.Mackiewilldealwithsecond-orderjudgementsfirst(thestatusofethics)followedbyfirst-orderjudgements(thecontentsofethics).Thisisth
2、ereverseofexperience,wherewefirstencounterfirst-orderstatements,whichleadontofirstorderprinciplesandfinallytosecond-orderissues.Finally,Mackiedealswiththefrontiersofethics–itsinterfacewithpsychology,metaphysics,law,theologyandpoliticaltheory.·First-orderjudgements:particularorcert
3、ainkindsofactionsarerightorwrong;distinctionsbetweengoodandbadcharactersordispositions;enunciationofbroadprinciplessuchasthatweoughtalwaystoaimforthegreatestgeneralhappiness,ortominimisetotalsuffering,ortoserveGod,ortolookafterourselves.·Second-orderjudgements:what’sgoingonwhenwem
4、akefirst-orderstatements–whethertheyarediscoveriesordecisions;howwethinkandreasonaboutmoralmatters;themeaningsofethicalterms.·MackieacknowledgeshisdebttoParfitforcommentsonParts1&2,andto1Plato,Aristotle,Hobbes,Hume,Kant&Sidgwick(aswellascontemporaryphilosophers).However,followingL
5、ocke,heclaimsthatthetruestteachersofmoralphilosophyaretheoutlawsandthieveswhokeepfaithandrulesofjusticewithoneanotherinordertoholdtogether,withoutsupposingthattheserulesofconvenienceareinnatelawsofnature.PARTONE:THESTATUSOFETHICSChapter1.TheSubjectivityofValues1.1MoralScepticism·M
6、ackiewillarguethattherearenoobjectivevalues,butfirstclarifiesthethesistomeetobjectionsandavoidmisunderstanding.·Therearethreelikelyimmediateresponsestothisthesis:1.Itisnotmerelyfalsebutpernicious,athreattomoralityandallthat’sworthwhile.It’sparadoxicaloroutrageoustofindcoverageofsu
7、chathesisinabookonethics.2.Itistrivial,obviousandhardlywortharguing.3.Itismeaninglessorempty,andthatnorealissueisraisedbyquestioningwhetherornotvaluesarepartofthefabricoftheworld.·Theclaimthatvaluesarenotobjective-arenotpartofthefabricoftheworld–doesn’tjustincludemoralgoodnessandm
8、oralvalues,butnon-moralvaluessuch
