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1、GenderandEnvironmentalHistoryCarolynMerchant'1sitwastheintuitiveforesightof[IsabellaofSpain]whichbroughtthelightofcivilizationtoagreatcontinent,soingreatmeasure,willitfalltowomaninherpowertoeducatepublicsentimenttosavefromrapaciouswasteandcompleteex-haustiontheresourcesuponwhichdependthewelfareof
2、thehome,thechildren,andthechildren'schildren."SowroteLydiaAdams-Williams,self-styledfeministconservationwriter,in1908.HercompatriotMrs.Love11WhiteofCaliforniaarguedthatreversingthedestructionoftheearthbroughtaboutby"menwhosesoulsaregang-saws"wasaprojectthatrequiredthebesteffortsofwomen.Thesewomen
3、oftheProgressiveconservationcrusadeoftheearlytwentiethcenturyexemplifyanovertlyfeministperspectiveontheenvironment?DonaldWorster's"TransformationsoftheEarth,"whilearichandprovocativeap-proachtothefieldofenvironmentalhistory,lacksagenderanalysis.Hisconceptuallevelsofecology(naturalhistory),product
4、ion(technologyanditssocioeconomicre-lations),andcognition(thementalrealmofideas,ethics,myths,andsoon)areasignificantframeworkforresearchandwritinginthisemergingfield.Hisuseofthemode-of-productionconceptindifferingecologicalandculturalcontextsandhisaccountofthechanginghistoryofecologicalideasinhis
5、majorbookshavepropelledenvironmentalhistorytonewlevelsofsophistication.Agenderperspectivecanaddtohisconceptualframeworkintwoimportantways.First,eachofhisthreecategoriescanbefurtherilluminatedthroughagenderanal-ysis;second,inmyview,environmentalhistoryneedsafourthanalyticallevel,thatofreproduction
6、,whichinteractswiththeotherthreelevels.2Whatcouldsuchaper-spectivecontributetotheframeworkWorsterhasoutlined?Womenandmenhavehistoricallyhaddifferentrolesinproductionrelativetotheenvironment.Insubsistencemodesofproductionsuchasthoseofnativepeoples,women'simpactonnatureisimmediateanddirect.Ingather
7、ing-hunting-fishingeconomies,womencollectandprocessplants,smallanirnals,birdeggs,andshellfishandfabricatetools,baskets,mats,slings,andclothing,whilemenhuntCarolynMerchantisaprofessorofenvironmentalhistory,philosophy,an