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1、PROPERTYOFMITPRESS:FORPROOFREADING,PROMOTIONAL,&INDEXINGPURPOSESONLYUnderstandingBeliefs10055.indb11/21/142:17PMPROPERTYOFMITPRESS:FORPROOFREADING,PROMOTIONAL,&INDEXINGPURPOSESONLYTheMITPressEssentialKnowledgeSeriesUnderstandingBeliefs,NilsJ.NilssonComputing:AConciseHistory,PaulCeruzziCrowdsourci
2、ng,DarenC.BrabhamFreeWill,MarkBalaguerInformationandtheModernCorporation,JamesCortadaIntellectualPropertyStrategy,JohnPalfreyMemesinDigitalCulture,LimorShifmanOpenAccess,PeterSuberParadox,MargaretCuonzoWaves,FredRaichlen10055.indb21/21/142:17PMPROPERTYOFMITPRESS:FORPROOFREADING,PROMOTIONAL,&INDEX
3、INGPURPOSESONLYUnderstandingBeliefsnilsJ.nilssonTheMITPress
4、Cambridge,Massachusetts
5、London,England10055.indb31/21/142:17PMPROPERTYOFMITPRESS:FORPROOFREADING,PROMOTIONAL,&INDEXINGPURPOSESONLY©2014MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformbyanyelect
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7、obytheMITPress.PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailable.ISBN:1098765432110055.indb41/21/142:17PMPROPERTYOFMITPRESS:FORPROOFREADING,PROMOTIONAL,&INDEXINGPURPOSESONLY[Belief]…thatuponwhichamanispreparedtoact.—AlexanderBain,psychologist,quot
8、edinLouisMenand,1TheMetaphysicalClubMan’smostvaluabletraitisajudicioussenseofwhatnottobelieve.—Euripides,circa480–406BCEWemaynotknowverymuch,butwedoknowsomething,andwhilewemustalwaysbepreparedtochangeourminds,wemustactasbestwecaninthelightofwhatwedoknow.2—W.H.Auden,quotedinAdamGopnik,“TheDoubleMa
9、n”10055.indb51/21/142:17PMPROPERTYOFMITPRESS:FORPROOFREADING,PROMOTIONAL,&INDEXINGPURPOSESONLY10055.indb61/21/142:17PMPROPERTYOFMITPRESS:FORPROOFREADING,PROMOTIONAL,&INDEXINGPURPOSESONLYContentsSeriesForewordixPrefacex