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1、VOLUMEEDITOR’SINTRODUCTIONScientistsaredriventounderstandtheworldaroundthem.Between1590and1608,themicroscopeandthenthetelescopewereinventedandimmediatelyfollowing,in1610,GalileodiscoveredthelargestmoonsofJupiter.Bylateintheseventeenthcentury,AntonyLeeuwenhoekdiscov
2、eredbacteriaandmanyotherphenom-ena.Instrumentsandinstrumentalanalysishave,thus,playedanessentialpartofscientificdiscovery.OurlatestadvancesinEarthandSpaceSciencesaredue,inlargepart,totheavailabilityofincreasinglysophisticatedandrefinedinstruments,or,insomecases,the
3、abilitytomakeanddeployhundredstomillionsofinexpensiveinstrumentstoquantifyconditionsandprocesseswithdatacollectionviahumanorroboticcontrol.Ingeochemistrytoday,instrumentsareusedtorevealprocessesattheatomictoplanetaryscales,defineratesandprocessesthatarehappeningtod
4、ayandinthepast,includingelucidatingtheconditionsonEarthover4billionyearsago.Thisvolumereviewsanalyticalmethods,fromsamplecollectiontotheoperationofvariousanalyticalin-strumentsthatareavailableinthegeochemistsarsenal.Thevolumeconsidersonlytheanalysesofinorganicmater
5、ials,becausecoveringthefieldoforganicanalyticalgeochemistrywouldrequireanothervolume.Notalltypesofinstrumentalanalysesarereviewedhere;thefocusisonemergingtechnologiesandthoseinstrumentalmethodsthathaveseensignificantimprovementsandinnovationsinthelastdecadeorso.Fro
6、mquantifyingelectromagneticradiationsfromelectronstransitionsinatoms,tomeasuringatomicmasses,tocountingelectronantineutrinosproducedbybetadecay,thisvolumeexploresthecuttingedgeofanalyticalgeochemistry.TheFirstStep:SamplingStrategiesandGettingReadyfortheLabFundament
7、alissuesingeochemicalresearchincludeboththequestionbeingaddressedandthesamplesneededtobringforththeinsights.Sometimes,itisthesamplethatisdrivingthequestion,asinthepresentanalysesbeingundertakenbyroversonMars.However,moreoftenitisaquestionofwhatsamplesareneededtoans
8、werthequestionsingeochemistry.Inthisregard,AlecosDemetriades,inthefirst(Chapter15.1),reviewssampling,samplingstrategies,andpost-collectionhandlin