inflation and the theory of cosmological perturbations

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1、InflationandtheTheoryofCosmologicalPerturbationsA.Riotto†∗†INFN,SezionediPadova,viaMarzolo8,I-35131,Padova,Italy.arXiv:hep-ph/0210162v110Oct2002Lecturesgivenatthe:SummerSchoolonAstroparticlePhysicsandCosmologyTrieste,17June-5July2002AbstractTheselecturesprovideap

2、edagogicalintroductiontoinflationandthetheoryofcosmologicalperturbationsgeneratedduringinflationwhicharethoughttobetheoriginofstructureintheuniverse.Keywords:EarlyUniversePhysicsandParticlePhysics.PACSnumbers:98.80.CqDFPD-TH/02/22∗antonio.riotto@pd.infn.itContents

3、1Introduction12BasicsoftheBig-BangModel12.1Friedmannequations...............................22.2Someconformalities................................42.3Theearly,radiation-dominateduniverse....................52.4Theconceptofparticlehorizon.........................

4、73TheshortcomingsoftheStandardBig-BangTheory83.1TheFlatnessProblem..............................83.2TheEntropyProblem..............................93.3Thehorizonproblem...............................94Thestandardinflationaryuniverse134.1InflationandthehorizonProbl

5、em........................144.2Inflationandtheflatenessproblem.......................154.3Inflationandtheentropyproblem........................164.4Inflationandtheinflaton.............................164.5Slow-rollconditions................................174.6Thelas

6、tstageofinflationandreheating....................204.7Abriefsurveyofinflationarymodels......................214.7.1Large-fieldmodels............................214.7.2Small-fieldmodels.............................224.7.3Hybridmodels..............................225I

7、nflationandthecosmologicalperturbations226Quantumfluctuationsofagenericmasslessscalarfieldduringinflation256.1QuantumfluctuationsofagenericmasslessscalarfieldduringadeSitterstage256.2QuantumfluctuationsofagenericmassivescalarfieldduringadeSitterstage286.3Quantumtoclassi

8、caltransition.........................296.4Thepowerspectrum...............................306.5QuantumfluctuationsofagenericscalarfieldinaquasideSitterstage...307Quantu