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1、NatureReviewsMicrobiology
2、AOP,publishedonline10May2014;doi:10.1038/nrmicro3239FOCUSONSyNthetiCbiOlOgyNatureReviewsMicrobiology
3、AOP,publishedonline1April2014;doi:10.1038/nrmicro3239PERSPECTIVEScircuitsthatunderpintheresponseofacellTIMELINEtoitsenvironment.Theabilitytoassemblenewregulatorysystemsfr
4、ommolecularAbriefhistoryofsyntheticbiologycomponentswassoonenvisioned5,butitwasnotuntilthemoleculardetailsoftranscrip-tionalregulationinbacteriawereuncoveredD.EwenCameron,CalebJ.BashorandJamesJ.Collinsinsubsequentyears6thatamoreconcretevision,basedonprogrammedgeneAbstract
5、Theabilitytorationallyen
6、gineermicroorganismshasbeenaexpression,begantotakeshape.long-envisionedgoaldatingbackmorethanahalf-century.WiththegenomicsFollowingthedevelopmentofmolecularrevolutionandriseofsystemsbiologyinthe1990scamethedevelopmentofacloningandPCRinthe1970sand1980s,rigorousengineeringdisciplinetocreate,control
7、andprogrammecellulargeneticmanipulationbecamewidespreadbehaviour.Theresultingfield,knownassyntheticbiology,hasundergonedramaticinmicrobiologyresearch,ostensiblyoffer-growththroughoutthepastdecadeandispoisedtotransformbiotechnologyandingatechnicalmeanstoengineerartificialgeneregulation.However,dur
8、ingthispre-medicine.ThisTimelinearticlechartsthetechnologicalandculturallifetimeofgenomicperiod,researchapproachesthatsyntheticbiology,withanemphasisonkeybreakthroughsandfuturechallenges.werecategorizedasgeneticengineeringweremostlyrestrictedtocloningandrecom-Thefoundingofthefieldofsyntheticbiol-
9、strategies.InthisTimelinearticle,wefocusbinantgeneexpression.Inshort,geneticogyneartheturnofthemillenniumwasoneffortsinsyntheticbiologythatdealwithengineeringwasnotyetequippedwithbasedonthetransformationalassertionthatmicrobialsystems;workinmammalianthenecessaryknowledgeortoolstocreateengineering
10、approaches—thenmostlyfor-syntheticbiologyhasbeenrecentlyreviewedbiologicalsystemsthatdisplaythediversityeigntocellandmolecularbiology—couldelsewhere2,3.anddepthofregulatorybehaviourfoundinbeusedbothtostudycellularsyste
