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1、CHAPTER6TransportCostsandSpecializationhesharpestinsightssometimestransportcostsfelllowenoughthatsmallTcomefrompiecingtogetherbitsofdifferencesinproductsandtastesfueledinformationthatseparatelycanbetradebetweensimilarcountries,atleastinnocuousandunsurprising.Inthemid-inEuro
2、peandNorthAmerica.Neighbors1970soverseastransportcostshadfallentotradeddifferenttypesofbeeranddiffer-afractionofwhattheywerein1900,thanksentpartsofcars,suchaswheelsandtires.tosuchinventionsassteampowerandtheTradeinpartsandcomponentsgrewtotaketelegraph.Andtheshareoftradebetw
3、eenadvantageofspecializationandeconomiesneighboringcountriesinEuropehadrisenofscale.Thefirstwaveofglobalizationwasrelativetotheirtradewithcountriesmorecharacterizedbyconventional,inter-distant.In1910Britishexportswerespreadindustrytradethatexploiteddifferencesinquiteevenlybe
4、tweenEurope(35percent),naturalendowments,thesecondbyanewAsia(24percent),andotherregions(31internationaltradedrivenbyeconomiesofpercent).By1996,60percentofBritainsscaleandproductdifferentiation.exportswenttoEuropeandonly11percentTransportcostsandscaleeconomies1toAsia.interac
5、ttoproducethetradeflowsobserved3Singly,neitherfactissurprising.inthepasthalf-century.ThemaininsightTogether,theyareexactlytheoppositeoffromresearchisthattherelationshipswhatstandardeconomicswouldpredict.betweentransportcosts,productionloca-Afterall,transportcostsshouldbealar
6、gertions,andtradepatternsarenonlinear.partofthecostofgoodsshippedfromFallingtransportcostsfirstledtocountrieshalfaworldawaythanforgoodstradedtradingmorewithcountriesthatweredis-withneighbors.Soafallintransportcoststantbutdissimilar.Whentheyfellfurther,shouldhavemeantmoretrad
7、ewithdistanttheyledtomoretradewithneighboringpartnersthanwithneighbors,notless.countries.Similarly,whentransportcostsWhathadhappened?fellfrommoderatelevels,productioncon-Researchinthe1980sprovidesthecentratedinandaroundlargemarkets.2answer.TwowavesofglobalizationaInEastAsia
8、,asthecostsoftransportingeuphemismforfallingtransportandtradegoodsbyseaandairfell,
