Air pollution and mortality-A history

《Air pollution and mortality-A history》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。

1、AtmosphericEnvironment43(2009)142–152ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectAtmosphericEnvironmentjournalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/atmosenvAirpollutionandmortality:AhistoryH.R.Anderson*DivisionofCommunityHealthSciences,StGeorge’s,UniversityofLondon,CranmerTerrace,LondonSW170RE,Un

2、itedKingdomabstractKeywords:Mortalityisthemostimportanthealtheffectofambientairpollutionandhasbeenstudiedthelongest.AirpollutionTheearliestevidencerelatestofogepisodesbutwiththedevelopmentofmoreprecisemethodsofMortalityinvestigationitisstillpossibletodiscernshort-termtemporalassociati

3、onswithdailymortalityattheHistoryhistoricallylowlevelsofairpollutionthatnowexistinmostdevelopedcountries.Anotherearlyobservationwasthatmortalitywashigherinmorepollutedareas.Thishasbeenconfirmedbymoderncohortstudiesthataccountforotherpotentialexplanationsforsuchassociations.Theredoesnot

4、appeartobeathresholdofeffectwithintheambientrangeofconcentrations.Advancesintheunderstandingofairpollutionandmortalityhavebeendrivenbythecombineddevelopmentofmethodsandbiomedicalconcepts.Themostinfluentialmethodologicaldevelopmentshavebeenintime-seriestechniquesandtheestablishmentoflar

5、gecohortstudies,bothofwhichareunderpinnedbyadvancesindataprocessingandstatisticalanalysis.Onthebiomedicalsidetwoimportantdevelopmentscanbeidentified.Onehasbeentheapplicationoftheconceptofmultifactorialdiseasecausationtoexplaininghowairpollutionmayaffectmortalityatlowlevelsandwhythresho

6、ldsarenotobviousatthepopulationlevel.Theotherhasbeenanincreasingunderstandingofhowairpollutionmayplausiblyhavepathophysiologicaleffectsthatareremotefromthelunginterfacewithambientair.Together,theseadvanceshavehadaprofoundinfluenceonpoliciestoprotectpublichealth.Throughoutthehistoryofai

7、rpollutionepidemiology,mortalitystudieshavebeencentralandthiswillcontinuebecauseofthewidespreadavailabilityofmortalitydataonalargepopulationscaleandtheweightthatmortalitycarriesinestimatingimpactsforpolicydevelopment.Ó2008ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.1.Introductionpossibletoanalysemo

8、rtali