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1、COMMISSIONOFTHEEUROPEANCOMMUNITIESBrussels,9.2.2000COM(2000)66finalWHITEPAPERONENVIRONMENTALLIABILITY(presentedbytheCommission)WHITEPAPERONENVIRONMENTALLIABILITYIntroductionThesedays,weareconfrontedwithcasesofseveredamagetotheenvironmentresultingfromhumanacts.Therecenti
2、ncidentwiththeErikaresultedinalargecontaminationoftheFrenchcoastandthesufferingandpainfuldeathofseveralhundredthousandsseabirdsandotheranimals.Thiswasbyfarnotthefirstcaseofanoilspillatseawithterribleconsequencesfortheenvironment.Someyearsago,acatastropheofadifferentkind
3、happenedneartheDoñananaturereserve,intheSouthofSpain,whenthebreachofadamcontainingalargeamountoftoxicwatercausedenormousharmtothesurroundingenvironment,includinginnumerableprotectedbirds.Theseandothersimilareventsraisethequestionofwhoshouldpayforthecostsinvolvedinthecle
4、anupofthepollutionandtherestorationofthedamage.Shouldthebillforthisbepaidbysocietyatlarge,inotherwords,thetaxpayer,orshoulditbethepolluterwhohastopay,incaseswherehecanbeidentified?Alsoinrelationtogeneticallymodifiedproducts,thereisseriouspublicconcernthatthesemayaffecto
5、urhealth,ormayhavenegativeeffectsontheenvironment.Thisconcernresultsinacallforliabilityofresponsibleparties.Onewaytoensurethatbettercautionwillbeappliedtoavoidtheoccurrenceofdamagetotheenvironment,isindeedtoimposeliabilityonthepartyresponsibleforanactivitythatbearsrisks
6、ofcausingsuchdamage.Thismeansthat,whensuchanactivityreallyresultsindamage,thepartyincontroloftheactivity(theoperator),whoistheactualpolluter,hastopaythecostsofrepair.ThisWhitePapersetsoutthestructureforafutureECenvironmentalliabilityregimethataimsatimplementingthispollu
7、terpaysprinciple.Itdescribesthekeyelementsneededformakingsucharegimeeffectiveandpracticable.Theproposedregimeshouldnotonlycoverdamagetopersonsandgoodsandcontaminationofsites,butalsodamagetonature,especiallytothosenaturalresourcesthatareimportantfromapointofviewofthecons
8、ervationofbiologicaldiversityintheCommunity(namelytheareasandspeciesprotectedundertheNatura2000network).Sofar,
