11-7-The-Environmental-and-Medical-Geochemistry-of-Potentially-Hazardous-Materials-Produced-by-Disasters_2014_Reference-Module-in-Earth-Systems-and-En

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1、11.7TheEnvironmentalandMedicalGeochemistryofPotentiallyHazardousMaterialsProducedbyDisastersGSPlumlee,SAMorman,GPMeeker,TMHoefen,PLHageman,andREWolf,USGeologicalSurvey,Denver,CO,USAPublishedbyElsevierLtd.11.7.1Introduction25811.7.2PotentiallyHazardousMaterialsProducedbyDisasters25811.7.3

2、MedicalGeochemistry–AReviewandUpdate26011.7.3.1FactorsInfluencingtheHealthEffectsofDisasterMaterials26511.7.3.2InterdisciplinaryMethodsUsedtoStudytheHealthEffectsofDisasterMaterials26611.7.4Sampling,Analytical,andRemoteSensingMethodsAppliedtoDisasterMaterials26711.7.4.1SpatiallyExtensive

3、SamplinginRapidResponseandovertheLongTerm26711.7.4.2SafetyduringSampling26711.7.4.3SamplingMethodsforDepositsofSolidSamples26711.7.4.4SamplingMethodsforAirborneParticulateMatterandotherAerosols26811.7.4.5FieldAnalyticalMethodsforSolids26811.7.4.6SamplingandFieldAnalysisMethodsforWaters26

4、811.7.4.7ProcessingandPreparationofSolidDMforLabAnalysis26811.7.4.8LaboratoryMethodsfortheAnalysisofDisasterMaterials26911.7.4.9RemoteSensingMethodsforIdentificationandMappingofDisasterMaterials27011.7.5VolcanicEruptionsandVolcanicDegassing27011.7.5.1VolcanicGases,Vog,andLaze27011.7.5.2C

5、raterLakeGasEruptionDisastersLakeNyosasanExample27111.7.5.3VolcanicAsh27111.7.6Landslides,DebrisFlows,andLahars27311.7.6.1LandslidesandDebrisFlowsSourcedinUltramaficRocks27411.7.6.2LandslidesandDebrisFlowsSourcedinSulfide-RichRocks27411.7.6.3VolcanicLahars27411.7.6.4PathogensinDustsfromE

6、arthquake-GeneratedLandslides27511.7.7Hurricanes,ExtremeStorms,andFloods–KatrinaasanExample27511.7.7.1AnOverviewofDMProducedbyHurricanes,ExtremeStorms,andFloods27511.7.7.2HurricaneKatrinaFloodwaters,FloodSediments,andMolds27511.7.8WildfiresattheWildland–UrbanInterface27811.7.8.1TypesofAs

7、hProducedbyWildfires27911.7.8.2Ash,Debris,andBurnedSoilCharacteristicsofPotentialEnvironmentalorHealthConcern27911.7.8.3PotentialEnvironmentalandHealthConcernsofWildfireAsh28111.7.9MudandWatersfromtheLusiMudEruption,EastJava,Indonesia28211.7.10FailuresofMillTailingsorMine