大学英美文学知识整理

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1、Lecture5SyntaxDefinitionIt’sakindofmicrolinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.(Transformationalsyntaxtobeintroducedinthebook.)Word-levelcategoriesCategoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfu

2、nctionsinaparticularlanguage.Traditionally,categoryistermedas“partsofspeech”.MajorlexicalcategoriesandminorlexicalcategoriesExamplesofsomelexicalcategoriesMajorlexicalcategoriesExamplesNoun(N)Verb(V)Adjective(A)Preposition(P)book,boy,love,sheeprun,read,playhappy,tall,clearabout

3、,over,onMinorlexicalcategoriesExamplesDeterminer(Det)Degreeword(Deg)Qualifier(Qual)Auxiliary(Aux)Conjunction(Con)the,a,this,thosequite,very,more,sooften,always,seldom,almostmust,should,can,mightand,but,orAword’sdistributionalfactstogetherwithinformationaboutitsmeaningandinflect

4、ionalcapabilityhelpidentifyitssyntacticcategory.Meaning:John,pen,book,prettylady,leftquietlyInflection:pluralaffixes,tenses,degreesDistribution:thegirl,acard,shouldstay,willhelpPhrasecategoriesDefinition:Categorieswhicharebuiltaroundacertainwordcategory.Types:Nounphrase(NP):the

5、prettygirlVerbphrase(VP):oftendreamAdjectivephrase(AP):verypessimisticPrepositionalphrase(PP):inthehouseAdverbialphrase(ADVP):veryquickly(Wen,p.118)Head,specifierandcomplementPhrasestructureruleIntroduction:NP(Det)N(PP)…VP(Qual)V(NP)…AP(Deg)A(PP)…PP(Deg)P(NP)…(Note:“”means“cons

6、istof”;()means“canbeomitted”;“…”meansothercomplementoptionsareavailable)PhrasestructurerulesThegrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule,suchas:NP(Det)+N+(PP)……e.g.thosepeople,thefishontheplate,prettygirls.VP(Qual)+

7、V+(NP)……e.g.alwaysplaygames,finishassignments.AP(Deg)+A+(PP)……veryhandsome,verypessimistic,familiarwith,veryclosetoPP(Deg)+P+(NP)……ontheshelf,intheboat,quitenearthestation.XPruleTheXPrule:XP(specifier)X(complement)XˉTheorya.XP(specifier)Xˉb.XˉX(complement)CoordinationruleXX*C

8、onXSpecifierXComplementHeadXPTheXPruleNote:Thephrasest