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1、BiotechnologyAdvances18(2000)179–206ResearchreviewpaperTheimpactofgeneticmodificationofhumanfoodsinthe21stcentury:AreviewStellaG.Uzogara*Bioanalytical-PKDepartment,AlkermesInc.,64SidneySt.,Cambridge,MA02139,USAAbstractGeneticengineeringoffoodisthesciencewhichinvolvesdeliberatemodification
2、ofthegeneticmaterialofplantsoranimals.Itisanoldagriculturalpracticecarriedonbyfarmerssinceearlyhistor-icaltimes,butrecentlyithasbeenimprovedbytechnology.Manyfoodsconsumedtodayareeithergeneticallymodified(GM)wholefoods,orcontainingredientsderivedfromgenemodificationtech-nology.Billionsofdo
3、llarsinU.S.foodexportsarerealizedfromsalesofGMseedsandcrops.Despitethepotentialbenefitsofgeneticengineeringoffoods,thetechnologyissurroundedbycontroversy.CriticsofGMtechnologyincludeconsumerandhealthgroups,grainimportersfromEuropeanUnion(EU)countries,organicfarmers,environmentalists,conce
4、rnedscientists,ethicists,religiousrightsgroups,foodadvocacygroups,somepoliticiansandtradeprotectionists.Someofthespecificfearsex-pressedbyopponentsofGMtechnologyincludealterationinnutritionalqualityoffoods,potentialtoxicity,possibleantibioticresistancefromGMcrops,potentialallergenicityand
5、carcinogenicityfromconsumingGMfoods.Inaddition,somemoregeneralconcernsincludeenvironmentalpollution,un-intentionalgenetransfertowildplants,possiblecreationofnewvirusesandtoxins,limitedaccesstoseedsduetopatentingofGMfoodplants,threattocropgeneticdiversity,religious,culturalandethi-calconce
6、rns,aswellasfearoftheunknown.SupportersofGMtechnologyincludeprivateindustries,researchscientists,someconsumers,U.S.farmersandregulatoryagencies.Benefitspresentedbypro-ponentsofGMtechnologyincludeimprovementinfruitandvegetableshelf-lifeandorganolepticquality,improvednutritionalqualityandhe
7、althbenefitsinfoods,improvedproteinandcarbohydratecontentoffoods,improvedfatquality,improvedqualityandquantityofmeat,milkandlivestock.Otherpotentialbenefitsare:theuseofGMlivestocktogroworgansfortransplantintohumans,in-creasedcropyield,improvementinagriculturethrough
