Smart freeze drying CHRIST

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1、SmartFreezeDryingBasicprinciples,optimumproceduresandapplications2Contents1Introduction42Basicprinciples63FreezeDryerDesign84Procedures104.1Overview104.2Freezing124.3Primarydryingandsecondarydrying165Practicalaspects245.1Warmup/Cooldown245.2Shell-Freezi

2、ngandSpin-Freezing245.3Achievablevacuumvalues255.4Determiningtheendofdrying/PAT266Summaryofprocedures307Furtherliterature32Someexamplesoffreezedryingapplications34Impress52introductionThefoodindustryaccountsforthelargestvolumesoffreeze-driedproducts,suc

3、hasinstantcoffee,butbiotechnologyandpharma-ceuticalproducts,e.g.vaccines,requiresystemswhichmeetthehighestqualitystandards1IntroductionFreeze-dryingorlyophilisationisaneffectivewayofdryingmaterialswithoutharmingthem.Itmakesuseofthephysicalphenomenonofsu

4、blimation,whichinvolvesthedirecttransitionbetweenthesolidstateandthegaseousstatewithoutpassingthroughtheliquidphase.Toachievethis,thefrozenproductisdriedundervacuum,withoutbeingallowedtothawout.Theprocessissuitableforawiderangeofapplications:·forpreserv

5、ingthecharacteristicsoftheinitialsubstance(e.g.pharmaceuticalproducts,milk)·orforpreservingtheinitialform(e.g.taxidermy,orconservingarchaeologicalfindsorflowers)·orconditioningmaterials(e.g.freeze-driedfruitinyoghurt)·orchemicalanalyses(e.g.investigatin

6、gtraceorganicsubstancesinfoodstuffs,slurries,soils)Freezedryingisusedformorethan30categoriesofsubstancesormaterials.Themostimportantmarketsarethepharmaceuticalindustryandbiotechnologyaswellasthefoodindustry.Ingeneral,adistinctionismadebetweenfreeze-drie

7、rsusedonlyinbatchprocedures,andcontinuouslyoperatingsystems.Non-continuoussystemsareavailabletoprocessesloadsfrom2kguptoapproximately1000kg.Wespecialiseinthisproductgroup,andwearetheonlymanufacturerworldwidetoofferacompleterangefromlaboratorybench-topsy

8、stemsandpilotfreeze-dryersthroughtolarge-scaleproductionmachines:4introductionLaboratoryfreeze-dryingequipment·Icecondensercapacityfrom2to24kg·Mostlyair-cooledrefrigerationsystem·Broadrangeofaccessoriesforwide-rangeapplicationsPi