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1、THEINTERNET,mappedontheoppositepage,isascale-freenetworkinthatsomesites(starburstsanddetailabove)haveaseeminglyunlimitednumberofconnectionstoothersites.Thismap,madeonFebruary6,2003,tracestheshortestroutesfromatestWebsitetoabout100,000others,usinglikecolorsforsimilarWebaddresses.Scale-Fr
2、eeNetworksScientistshaverecentlydiscoveredthatvariouscomplexsystemshaveanunderlyingarchitecturegovernedbysharedorganizingprinciples.Thisinsighthasimportantimplicationsforahostofapplications,fromdrugdevelopmenttoInternetsecurityBYALBERT-LÁSZLÓBARABÁSIANDERICBONABEAU60SCIENTIFICAMERICANMA
3、Y2003COPYRIGHT2003SCIENTIFICAMERICAN,INC.BURCH/CHESWICKMAPCOURTESYOFLUMETACORPORATIONCOPYRIGHT2003SCIENTIFICAMERICAN,INC.Networksareeverywhere.Thebrainisanetworkofnervecellscon-numberoflinksandnonodeistypicalofnetworktheoryisthat,despitetheran-nectedbyaxons,andcellsthemselvesaretheother
4、s.Thesenetworksalsobehaveindomplacementoflinks,theresultingsys-networksofmoleculesconnectedbybio-certainpredictableways;forexample,temwillbedeeplydemocratic:mostchemicalreactions.Societies,too,arenet-theyareremarkablyresistanttoacciden-nodeswillhaveapproximatelythesameworksofpeoplelinke
5、dbyfriendships,talfailuresbutextremelyvulnerabletonumberoflinks.Indeed,inarandomnet-familialrelationshipsandprofessionalcoordinatedattacks.workthenodesfollowaPoissondistrib-ties.Onalargerscale,foodwebsandeco-Suchdiscoverieshavedramaticallyutionwithabellshape,anditisextreme-systemscanber
6、epresentedasnetworkschangedwhatwethoughtweknewaboutlyraretofindnodesthathavesignificant-ofspecies.Andnetworkspervadetech-thecomplexinterconnectedworldaroundlymoreorfewerlinksthantheaverage.nology:theInternet,powergridsandus.Unexplainedbypreviousnetworkthe-Randomnetworksarealsocalledexpo-t
7、ransportationsystemsarebutafewex-ories,hubsofferconvincingproofthatnential,becausetheprobabilitythataamples.Eventhelanguageweareusingvariouscomplexsystemshaveastrictar-nodeisconnectedtokothersitesde-toconveythesethoughtstoyouisanet-chitecture,ruledbyfundamentallaws—creasesexpon
