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1、Copyright©2006AmericanScientificPublishersJournalofAllrightsreservedComputationalandTheoreticalNanosciencePrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaVol.3,1–30,2006REVIEWNegativeRefractiveIndexMaterialsVictorVeselago,1LeonidBraginsky,2ValeryShklover,3andChristianHafner4∗1Laborator
2、yofMagneticMaterials,A.M.ProkhorovInstituteofGeneralPhysics,38VavilovStreet,119991Moscow,Russia2InstituteofSemiconductors’Physics,13Lavrent’evaPr.,630090Novosibirsk,Russia3LaboratoryofCrystallography,ETHZürich,CH-8093Zürich,Switzerland4LaboratoryforElectromagneticFieldsa
3、ndMicrowaveElectronics,ETHZürich,CH-8092Zürich,SwitzerlandThemaindirectionsofstudiesofmaterialswithnegativeindexofrefraction,alsocalledleft-handedormetamaterials,arereviewed.First,thephysicsofthephenomenonofnegativerefractionandthehistoryofthisscientificbranchareoutlined.
4、Thenrecentresultsofstudiesofphotoniccrystalsthatexhibitnegativerefractionarediscussed.Inthethirdpartnumericalmethodsforthesimulationofnegativeindexmaterialconfigurationsandofmetamaterialsthatexhibitnegativeindexpropertiesarepresented.Theadvantagesandtheshortagesofexisting
5、computerpackagesareanalyzed.Finally,detailsofthefabricationofdifferentkindsofmetamaterialsaregiven.Thisincludescompos-itemetamaterials,photoniccrystals,andtransmissionlinemetamaterialsfordifferentwavelengthsnamelyradiofrequencies,microwaves,terahertz,infrared,andvisiblel
6、ight.Furthermore,someexamplesofpracticalapplicationsofmetamaterialsarepresented.Keywords:NegativeRefractiveIndex,Metamaterials,Left-HandedMaterials,PhotonicCrystals,NumericalMethods,Nanotechnology.CONTENTSnotobservedbeforeinnaturalmedia.Themostprominentexampleofnotprevio
7、uslyobservedpropertiesaremeta-1.Introduction.................................1materialswithanegativeindexofrefraction,i.e.,Nega-2.TheoryofNegativeIndexRefractionPhenomena.........13.NegativeRefractioninPhotonicCrystals..............8tiveIndexMetamaterials(NIMs)thatareals
8、ocalledLeft3.1.Self-CollimatinginPhotonicCrystals.............10HandedMaterials(LHMs).Afterfirstexperime
