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1、Phonology23(2006)225–257.f2006CambridgeUniversityPressdoi:10.1017/S0952675706000893PrintedintheUnitedKingdomWord-prosodictypology*LarryM.HymanUniversityofCalifornia,BerkeleyNumerousproposalshavebeenadvancedastohowprosodicsystemsshouldbetypologised.InthispaperIdistinguishtwoprototypesystems,to
2、neandstressaccent,which,unlikesystemsanalysedas‘pitchaccent’,havetwoinviolable,definitionalproperties:(i)obligatoriness(everywordhasatleastonestressac-cent);(ii)syllable-dependency(thestress-bearingunitisnecessarilythesyllable).Incontrast,theoft-citedcriterionofculminativity(everywordhasatmost
3、onetone/accent)notonlyincludestone/accentsystemsthatareneitherobligatorynorsyllable-dependent,butalsoculminativenon-prosodicfeaturesthatareclearlynotaccentual.Iarguethatthereisnoonepitch-accentprototype.Instead,sincetoneandstressaccentmayco-occur,andsincelanguagesmay‘pickandchoose’betweenthen
4、on-definitionalpropertiesthattendtoclusterwithinthetonevs.stress-accentprototypes,thereisarangeofintermediate(andpossiblyinde-terminate)word-prosodicsystemswhichmayormaynotbebestseenas‘types’.Ifstressismonarchic,andlengtholigarchic,wemaysaythattoneisdemocratic.(Greenberg&Kaschube1976:9)1Introd
5、uctionOverthepastseveraldecades,manylinguistshavemadepronouncementsonhowprosodicsystemsshouldbetypologised.Whilenootherareaofphonologicaltypologyhasattractedasmuchattention,itisnotclearhowmuchconsensusthereisonwherethingscurrentlystand.Linguistssometimesspeakorwriteonthesubjectwithgreatconvic
6、tion,buttheviewsthatareexpressedoftenconflictonbothgeneralandspecificissues,e.g.whetherallhumanlanguagesmusthave‘stress’,whethertheprosodicsystemofTokyoJapaneseis‘tonal’vs.‘accentual’,andsoforth.InthispaperIattempttosortoutsomeofthecomplexitiesofword-prosodictypology.Ibeginin§2withabriefdiscuss
7、ionofproblemsinherentindoingtypology,particularlywhenappliedtophonology.InthenexttwosectionsIgivebriefdefinitionsoftone(§3)andstressaccent(§4),followed*ThispaperwasfirstpresentedasaninvitedtalkattheconferenceBetweenStressandTone(BeST).Iwouldlik
