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1、12Socialcontracttheoryanditscriticspatrickriley1ThehistoricalbackgroundAttheheartofsocialcontracttheoryistheideathatpoliticallegitimacy,politicalauthority,andpoliticalobligationarederivedfromtheconsentofthegoverned,andaretheartificialproductofthevoluntary
2、agreementoffreeandequalmoralagents.Onthisview,legitimacyanddutydependonaconcatenationofvoluntaryindividualacts,andnoton‘natural’politicalauthority,patriarchy,theocracy,divineright,necessity,custom,convenience,orpsychologicalcompulsion.MichaelOakeshottwas
3、thusrighttocallcon-tractarianismadoctrineof‘willandartifice’(1975a,p.7).1Whiletracesofcontracttheorycanbefoundinancientandmedievalthought,andwhilethedoctrinehasrecentlybeenrevivedbyJohnRawls,itisgenerallyagreedthatthegoldenageofsocialcontracttheorywasthep
4、eriod1650–1800,beginningwithHobbes’sLeviathan(1651)andendingwithKant’sRechtslehre(MetaphysicsofMorals,1797;Rawls1972,pp.11–13;Riley1982,1983).Foratleastthefollowingcenturyitwaseclipsedbyutil-itarianism,Hegelianism,andMarxism.Butbetweenthemid-seventeentha
5、ndtheearlynineteenthcenturiesconsentemergedastheleadingdoctrineofpoliticallegitimacy.Hobbesurgesinchapter42ofLeviathanthat‘therightofallsovereignsisderivedoriginallyfromtheconsentofeveryoneofthosethataretobegoverned’,andinchapter40heinsiststhathumanwills
6、‘maketheessenceofallcovenants’(Hobbes1991,pp.395,323).LockeinthesecondofhisTwoTreatisesofGovernmentarguesthat‘voluntaryagreementgives...politicalpowertogovernors’(TTG,ii,§173,p.383).Rousseau,inTheSocialContract(1762),assertsthat‘IowenothingtothosetowhomI
7、havepromisednothing’;‘Civilassociationisthemostvoluntaryactintheworld;everymanbeingbornfreeandmasterofhimself,no-onemayonanypretextwhatsoeversubjecthimwithouthisconsent’(SC,ii.6,p.66,iv.2,p.123).AsforKant,intheRechtslehreheurgesthatalllegitimatelaws1Fort
8、hebackgroundtothethemeofthischapterseeBarker1947;Riley1982,1986;Ritchie1893.347CambridgeHistoriesOnline©CambridgeUniversityPress,2008Naturaljurisprudenceandthescienceoflegislationmustbesuchthatrationalmencouldconsenttothem
