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1、Chapter15IntegratedOpticsInthecaseofanelectronicintegratedcircuit(IC),e.g.,forashiftregisterIC,onenormallydoesnotworryabouthoweachflip-flopunitisfunctioning.Theonlyconcerniswhetherornottheinputandoutputelectricalsignalsarecorrect.TheIC’sarepackagedinsmallblackplasticcases,andtheyareliterallyl
2、ookeduponasblackboxes.Asimilarobjectivehasbeenthegoalofintegratedoptics.Whenthisgoalisreached,noonewillhavetoworryaboutvibration,couplingbetweencomponents,temperature,dust,ormoisture.Variousoptomodulescouldthenpresumablybein-tegratedonasmallsubstratethesizeofamicroscopedeckglassforeasyhandl
3、ing.Theoptomoduleswouldcontainthin-filmdevicessuchasmodulators,directionalcouplers,switches,bistableopticaldevices,lenses,A/Dconvertersandthespec-trumanalyzer.Thischapterbeginswithafundamentalwaveguideanalysisandanintroductiontocoupledmodetheory.Followingthisanalysisisadescriptionofthebasict
4、hinfilmdeviceswhichformthebuildingblocksofintegratedoptics.Asum-maryofthethin-filmtechniquesthatwerespecificallydevelopedinconnectionwithintegratedopticsisalsoincluded.Beforeproceeding,awordofcautionisadvisedconcerningcategorization.Quiteoften,asingleintegrated-opticsdevicemayprovideavarietyof
5、functions.Forex-ample,thesamebasicintegratedopticscomponentmaybeusedasamodulator,aswitch,oradirectionalcoupler.Therefore,tousethephrase“directionalcoupler”asthenameofasubsectionmaybemisleading.Despitethisdrawback,everyattempthasbeenmadetopresentthematerialinanorderwhichiseasytocomprehend.15
6、.1AnalysisoftheSlabOpticalGuideTheslabgeometryisoneofthemostfundamentalconfigurationsinintegrated-opticstechnology.Considerthepropagationofawaveinacoreglasswithindexofrefractionn1,whenitissandwichedbyacladdingglasswithindexofrefractionn2,asshowninFig.15.1.Whenn2issmallerthann1,thelightpropag
7、atesalongthe39940015IntegratedOpticsFig.15.1Slabopticalguidecoreglassinazigzagpathduetothetotalreflectionattheupperandlowerbound-aries.Theopticalguidewillbeanalyzedusingbothwaveopticsandgeometricaloptics.15.1.1DifferentialEquationsofWaveOpticsThewaveoptic
