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1、TOOURFAMILIESTheywerecarelesspeople,TomandDaisy—theysmashedupthingsandcreaturesandthenretreatedbackintotheirmoneyortheirvastcarelessness,orwhateveritwasthatkeptthemtogether,andletotherpeoplecleanupthemesstheyhadmade.—F.ScottFitzgerald,TheGreatGatsby1
2、ContentsIntroduction:13Bankers1ThomasJeffersonandtheFinancialAristocracy2OtherPeople’sOligarchs3WallStreetRising:1980–4“GreedIsGood”:TheTakeover5TheBestDealEver6TooBigtoFail7TheAmericanOligarchy:SixBanksNotesFurtherReadingAcknowledgmentsINTRODUCTION1
3、3BankersMyadministrationistheonlythingbetweenyouandthepitchforks.—BarackObama,March27,20091Friday,March27,2009,wasalovelydayinWashington,D.C.—butnotfortheglobaleconomy.TheU.S.stockmarkethadfallen40percentinjustsevenmonths,whiletheU.S.economyhadlost4.
4、1millionjobs.2TotalworldoutputwasshrinkingforthefirsttimesinceWorldWarII.3Despitethreegovernmentbailouts,Citigroupstockwastradingbelow$3pershare,about95percentdownfromitspeak;stockinBankofAmerica,whichhadreceivedtwobailouts,hadlost85percentofitsvalue
5、.ThepublicwasfuriousattherecentnewsthatAmericanInternationalGroup,whichhadbeenrescuedbycommitmentsofupto$180billionintaxpayermoney,waspaying$165millioninbonusestoexecutivesandtradersatthedivisionthathadnearlycausedthecompanytocollapsethepreviousSepte
6、mber.TheObamaadministration’sproposalstostopthebleeding,initiallypannedinFebruary,werestillreceivingalukewarmresponseinthepressandthemarkets.Prominenteconomistswerecallingforcertainmajorbankstobetakenoverbythegovernmentandrestructured.WallStreet’sway
7、oflifewasunderthreat.ThatFridayinMarch,thirteenbankers—theCEOsofthirteenofthecountry’slargestfinancialinstitutions—gatheredattheWhiteHousetomeetwithPresidentBarackObama.*“Helpmehelpyou,”thepresidenturgedthegroup.Meetingwithreporterslater,theytoedthep
8、artyline.WhiteHousepresssecretaryRobertGibbssummarizedthepresident’smessage:“Everybodyhastopitchin.We’reallinthistogether.”“I’mofthefeelingthatwe’reallinthistogether,”echoedVikramPandit,CEOofCitigroup.WellsFargoCEOJohnStumpfrepeatedthemantra:“Thebasi
