Nobel Lecture--Graphene--Materials in the Flatland

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1、REVIEWSOFMODERNPHYSICS,VOLUME83,JULYSEPTEMBER2011NobelLecture:Graphene:MaterialsintheFlatland*K.S.NovoselovSchoolofPhysicsandAstronomy,TheUniversityofManchester,OxfordRoad,ManchesterM139PL,UnitedKingdom(Received26May2011;published3August2011)DOI:10.1103/R

2、evModPhys.83.837MuchliketheworlddescribedinAbbottsFlatland,grapheneisatwo-dimensionalobject.And,asFlatlandisaromanceofmanydimensions,grapheneismuchmorethanjustaflatcrystal.Itpossessesanumberofunusualpropertieswhichareoftenuniqueorsuperiortothoseinothermate

3、rials.InthisbrieflectureIwouldliketoexplainthereasonformy(andmanyotherpeoples)fascinationwiththismaterial,andinvitethereadertosharesomeoftheexcitementIveexperiencedwhileresearchingit.CONTENTScleavagetechnique,theScotch-tapemethodhasalowbarriertoentryintha

4、titdoesntrequirelargeinvestmentsorcom-GrapheneandItsUnusualProperties837plicatedequipment,whichhashelpedconsiderablytoA.Two-dimensionalcrystals838broadenthegeographyofgraphenescience.1.Stabilityof2Dcrystals838Anothersourceofgrapheneswidespreadpopularityis

5、that2.Graphenecreation838itappealstoresearchersfromamyriadofdifferentback-3.Other2Dcrystals839grounds.Itisthefirstexampleof2Datomiccrystals,whose4.OuttoSpaceland:2D-basedheterostructures840propertiesfromthethermodynamicspointofviewaresig-B.Chiralquasiparti

6、clesandtheelectronicpropertiesnificantlydifferentfromthoseof3Dobjects.Itisalsoanovelofgraphene841electronicsystemwithunprecedentedcharacteristics(Castro1.Lineardispersionrelationandchirality841Netoetal.,2009).Itcanbethoughtofasagiantmolecule2.TheKleinparad

7、ox841whichisavailableforchemicalmodification(Ruoff,2008;3.Half-integerquantumHalleffect842Lohetal.,2010)andispromisingforapplications(Geimand4.Effectofmechanicaldeformation842Novoselov,2007;Geim,2009)rangingfromelectronics5.Grapheneoptics842(GeimandNovosel

8、ov,2007;Geim,2009;Schwierz,2010)6.Bilayergraphene843tocompositematerials(Stankovichetal.,2006;Geim,2009;C.Grapheneapplications844Gongetal.,2010).Thesefactorsallowfortruemulti-and1.Graphenesupport844cross-disciplinar