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1、CONTENTSCHAPTER1EXAMINATION....................................................1CHAPTER2LID,LACRIMALAPPARATUSANDORBIT.........22CHAPTER3CONJUNCTIVA,SCLERAANDCORNEA...........33CHAPTER4LENSANDGLAUCOMA....................................51CHAPTER5UVEALTRACT,RETINAANDVITREOUS..
2、........65CHAPTER6OCULARMANIFESTATIONSOFSYSTEMICDISEASES.........................................................81CHAPTER7NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY...........................100CHAPTER8EYEDISEASESINCHILDREN...........................113CHAPTER9OCULARINJURIES......................
3、.....................129CHAPTER10REFRACTIVEERRORS.......................................140CHAPTER11OPHTHALMICDRUGS....................................148INDEX.........................................................................................155ThisPageIntentionallyLef
4、tBlank1EXAMINATIONINTRODUCTIONIntheassessmentofapatientwitheyedisease,itisimportanttotakeagoodhistory,examinetheeyeswithadequateilluminationandtestthevisualfunction.Recently,retinalandmaculardiseaseshavebecomemorecommonascausesofseverevisualloss.Inthesecases,afundalexaminati
5、onwithdilatationofthepupilsinadarkenedroomisnecessary.HISTORYAcarefulhistoryofthepatient’socularsymptomsisessential.Hispasthistoryandgeneralillnesses,suchasdiabetesandhypertension,frequentlyprovideusefulclues.Myopia,squint,open-angleglaucomaanddystrophicconditionshaveaheredi
6、tarytendencywhichisrevealedbyaninquiryintothepatient’sfamilyhistory.Itisalsousefultotakenoteofallergiesandofthemedicaltherapythepatientisundergoing.OCULARSYMPTOMSThemoreimportantsymptomsincludedecreasedvisualacuity,floaters,ocularpain,headaches,itching,flashes,wateringanddou
7、blevision(diplopia).DecreasedvisualacuityDecreasedvisualacuitymustalwaysbeinvestigatedandthecausefound.Thecauseforasuddenlossofvisioncouldbevascularinnaturesuchasretinalveinocclusion,retinalarteryocclusionorvitreoushaemorrhage.Itcouldalsobeduetoacuteglaucoma,retinaldetachmen
8、torinflammatoryconditionssuchasacuteuveitisandopticneuritis.1Graduallossofv
