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1、LivingwithComplexityLivingwithComplexityDonaldA.NormanTheMITPressCambridge,MassachusettsLondon,England©2011DonaldA.NormanAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformbyanyelectronicormechanicalmeans(includingphotocopying,recording,orinformationstorageandretrieval)withoutpermissionin
2、writingfromthepublisher.Forinformationaboutspecialquantitydiscounts,pleaseemailspecial_sales@mitpress.mit.eduThisbookwassetinGothambyTheMITPress.PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataNorman,DonaldA.Livingwithcomplexity/DonaldA.Norman.p.cm.Include
3、sbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN978-0-262-01486-1(hardcover:alk.paper)1.Technology—Socialaspects.2.Complexity(Philosophy).I.Title.T14.5.N6732011601—dc22201001289210987654321ContentsBooksbyDonaldA.Normanvii1LivingwithComplexityWhyComplexityIsNecessary12SimplicityIsintheMind323HowSimpleThin
4、gsCanComplicateOurLives624SocialSignifiers885DesigninSupportofPeople1106SystemsandServices1427TheDesignofWaits1828ManagingComplexityAPartnership2209TheChallenge253Notes267References275Acknowledgments285Index287BooksbyDonaldA.NormanTextbooksMemoryandAttention:AnIntroductiontoHumanInformationProce
5、ssing(firstedition,1969;secondedition1976)HumanInformationProcessing(withPeterLindsay:firstedition,1972;secondedition1977)ScientificMonographsModelsofHumanMemory(edited,1970)ExplorationsinCognition(withDavidE.RumelhartandtheLNRResearchGroup,1975)PerspectivesonCognitiveScience(edited,1981)UserCen
6、teredSystemDesign:NewPerspectivesonHuman–ComputerInteraction(editedwithSteveDraper,1986)TradeBooksLearningandMemory,1982ThePsychologyofEverydayThings,1988TheDesignofEverydayThings,1990and2002(paperbackeditionofThePsychologyofEverydayThings)TurnSignalsAretheFacialExpressionsofAutomobiles,1992viii
7、BooksbyDonaldA.NormanThingsThatMakeUsSmart,1993TheInvisibleComputer:WhyGoodProductsCanFail,thePersonalComputerIsSoComplex,andInformationAppliancesAretheAnswer,1998EmotionalDesign:WhyWeLove(orHate)EverydayThings,2004TheDesign