China - A New History [2nd Enlarged Edition] (2006) by John King Fairbank & Merle Goldman

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1、CHINAANEWHISTORYCHINAANEWHISTORYSecondEnlargedEditionJohnKingFairbankandMerleGoldmanTHEBELKNAPPRESSOFHARVARDUNIVERSITYPRESSCambridge,MassachusettsLondon,England•2006Copyright©1992,1998,2006bythePresidentandFellowsofHarvardCollegeAllrightsreservedPrintedintheUnitedStat

2、esofAmericaDesignedbyMariannePerlakLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataFairbank,JohnKing,1907–1991China:anewhistory/JohnKingFairbankandMerleGoldman.—2nd.enl.ed.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-674-01828-1(pbk.:alk.paper)1.China—History.I.

3、Goldman,Merle.II.Title.DS735.F272005951—dc222005053695ForWilma,Laura,andHollyFairbankContentsPrefacetotheEnlargedEditionxvPrefacetotheOriginalEditionxviiIntroduction:ApproachestoUnderstandingChina’sHistory1TheVarietyofHistoricalPerspectives1Geography:TheContrastofNort

4、handSouth4HumankindinNature14TheVillage:FamilyandLineage17InnerAsiaandChina:TheSteppeandtheSown23partoneRiseandDeclineoftheImperialAutocracy271.Origins:TheDiscoveriesofArchaeology29PaleolithicChina29NeolithicChina31ExcavationofShangandXia33TheRiseofCentralAuthority37W

5、esternZhou39ImplicationsoftheNewArchaeologicalRecord40viiiContents2.TheFirstUnification:ImperialConfucianism46TheUtilityofDynasties46PrincesandPhilosophers49TheConfucianCode51Daoism53UnificationbyQin54ConsolidationandExpansionundertheHan57ImperialConfucianism62Correlati

6、veCosmology64EmperorandScholars663.ReunificationintheBuddhistAge72Disunion72TheBuddhistTeaching73Sui–TangReunification76BuddhismandtheState79DeclineoftheTangDynasty81SocialChange:TheTang–SongTransition834.China’sGreatestAge:NorthernandSouthernSong88EfflorescenceofMateria

7、lGrowth88EducationandtheExaminationSystem93TheCreationofNeo-Confucianism96FormationofGentrySociety1015.TheParadoxofSongChinaandInnerAsia108TheSymbiosisofWenandWu108TheRiseofNon-ChineseRuleoverChina112ChinaintheMongolEmpire119InterpretingtheSongEra1266.GovernmentintheM

8、ingDynasty128LegaciesoftheHongwuEmperor128FiscalProblems132ChinaTurnsInward137FactionalPolitics1407.TheQingSuccessStory143Th