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1、3/15/12Bose–Einsteincondensate-Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaBose–EinsteincondensateFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaABose–Einsteincondensate(BEC)isastateofmatterofadilutegasofweaklyinteractingbosonsconfinedinanexternalpotentialandcooledtotemperaturesverynearab
2、solutezero(0Kor−273.15°C[1]).Undersuchconditions,alargefractionofthebosonsoccupythelowestquantumstateoftheexternalpotential,atwhichpointquantumeffectsbecomeapparentonamacroscopicscale.ThisstateofmatterwasfirstpredictedbySatyendraNathBoseandAlbertEinsteinin1924
3、–25.BosefirstsentapaperVelocity-distributiondataofagasoftoEinsteinonthequantumstatisticsoflightquanta(nowrubidiumatoms,confirmingthediscoverycalledphotons).Einsteinwasimpressed,translatedthepaperofanewphaseofmatter,theBose–himselffromEnglishtoGermanandsubmitte
4、ditforBosetoEinsteincondensate.Left:justbeforethetheZeitschriftfürPhysik,whichpublishedit.EinsteinthenappearanceofaBose–Einsteincondensate.extendedBose'sideastomaterialparticles(ormatter)intwoCenter:justaftertheappearanceoftheotherpapers.[2]condensate.Right:af
5、terfurtherevaporation,leavingasampleofnearlySeventyyearslater,thefirstgaseouscondensatewaspurecondensate.producedbyEricCornellandCarlWiemanin1995attheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderNIST-JILAlab,usingagasofrubidiumatomscooledto170nanokelvin(nK)[3](1.7×10−7K).Fort
6、heirachievementsCornell,Wieman,andWolfgangKetterleatMITreceivedthe2001NobelPrizeinPhysics.[4]InNovember2010thefirstphotonBECwasobserved.[5]TheslowingofatomsbytheuseofcoolingapparatusproducedasingularquantumstateknownasaBosecondensateorBose–Einsteincondensate.T
7、hisphenomenonwaspredictedin1925bygeneralizingSatyendraNathBose'sworkonthestatisticalmechanicsof(massless)photonsto(massive)atoms.(TheEinsteinmanuscript,oncebelievedtobelost,wasfoundinalibraryatLeidenUniversityin2005.[6])TheresultoftheeffortsofBoseandEinsteinis
8、theconceptofaBosegas,governedbyBose–Einsteinstatistics,whichdescribesthestatisticaldistributionofidenticalparticleswithintegerspin,nowknownasbosons.Bosonicparticles,whichincludethe
