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1、TheBayesianReader:ExplainingwordrecognitionasanoptimalBayesiandecisionprocess.DennisNorrisMRCCognitionandBrainSciencesUnit,Cambridge,UK.Runninghead:BayesianReaderAddressforcorrespondence:DennisNorrisMRCCognitionandBrainSciencesUnit15ChaucerRoadCambridge,CB22EFUK
2、Email:dennis.norris@mrc-cbu.cam.ac.ukAbstractThispaperpresentsatheoryofvisualwordrecognitionthatassumesthat,inthetasksofwordidentification,lexicaldecisionandsemanticcategorization,humanreadersbehaveasoptimalBayesiandecision-makers.Thisleadstothedevelopmentofacom
3、putationalmodelofwordrecognition,theBayesianReader.TheBayesianReadersuccessfullysimulatessomeofthemostsignificantdataonhumanreading.Themodelaccountsforthenatureofthefunctionrelatingword-frequencytoreactiontimeandidentificationthreshold,theeffectsofneighborhoodde
4、nsityanditsinteractionwithfrequency,andthevariationinthepatternofneighborhooddensityeffectsseenindifferentexperimentaltasks.Boththegeneralbehaviorofthemodel,andthewaythemodelpredictsdifferentpatternsofresultsindifferenttasks,followentirelyfromtheassumptionthathu
5、manreadersapproximateoptimalBayesiandecision-makers.BayesianReader1IntroductionWordsthatappearfrequentlyinthelanguagearerecognizedmoreeasilythanwordsthatappearlessfrequently.Thisfactisperhapsthesinglemostrobustfindinginthewholeliteratureonvisualwordrecognition.T
6、hebasicresultholdsacrosstheentirerangeoflaboratorytasksusedtoinvestigatereading.Forexample,frequencyeffectsareseeninlexicaldecision(Forster&Chambers,1973;Murray&Forster,2004)innaming(Balota&Chumbley,1985;Monsell,Doyle,&Haggard,1989),semanticclassification(Forste
7、r&Hector,2002;Forster&Shen,1996),perceptualidentification(Howes&Solomon,1951;King-Ellison&Jenkins,1954)andeyefixationtimes(Inhoff&Rayner,1986;Just&Carpenter,1980;Rayner&Duffy,1986;Rayner,Sereno,&Raney,1996;Schilling,Rayner,&Chumbley,1998).Frequencyeffectsarealso
8、seenreliablyinspokenwordrecognition(Connine,Mullennix,Shernoff,&Yelen,1990;Dahan,Magnuson,&Tanenhaus,2001;Howes,1954;Luce,1986;Marslen-Wilson,1987;Pollack,Rubenstein,
