Evolution of novel genes

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1、673EvolutionofnovelgenesManyuanLongMuchprogressinunderstandingtheevolutionofnewgenesbylaterchanges.Anefficientapproachisthedirectexam-hasbeenaccomplishedinthepastfewyears.Molecularinationofagenethatoriginatedrecently(i.e.severalmechanismssuchasillegitimater

2、ecombinationandLINEmillionyearsago)whosesequencesandstructuresretainelementmediated3′transductionunderlyingexonshuffling,ainitialfeaturesofevolution.Atechnicalchallengeisthemajorprocessforgeneratingnewgenes,arebetteridentificationofyounggeneslimitedtorelate

3、dspecies.understood.TheidentificationofyounggenesininvertebratesFortunately,genomesequencesandinnovativemolecularandvertebrateshasrevealedasignificantroleofadaptivetechniquesremovetheimpassetofindingyounggenes;aevolutionactingoninitiallyrudimentarygenestruc

4、turescreatednumberofinformativeexampleshavebeenidentified.asifbyevolutionarytinkers.NewgenesinhumansandourprimaterelativesaddanewcomponenttotheunderstandingResultsfromthesenewapproacheshavechangedourviewofgeneticdivergencebetweenhumansandnon-humans.aboutthe

5、makeupofgenesandgenomes.Inthisreview,wesummarizethemajorprogressthathasbeenachievedAddressesrecentlyandconsideritsimplicationstotheunderstandingDepartmentofEcologyandEvolution,TheUniversityofChicago,ofevolutionofgeneticsystems.1101East57thStreet,Chicago,Ill

6、inois60637,USA;e-mail:mlong@midway.uchicago.eduExonshuffling:mechanismsandratesCurrentOpinioninGenetics&Development2001,11:673–680Sinceitsproposalinthelate1970s,exonshufflinghasbeendemonstratedtobeanefficientprocessforgeneratingnew0959-437X/01/$—seefrontmat

7、tergenes[5].Thisproposalassumedthatnewcombinationsof©2001ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.exonsfromdifferentgenes,representingsubunitsofAbbreviationsfunctionalstructure,mayarisebynon-homologousrecom-AFGPsantifreezeglycoproteinsbinationandevolveintonewge

8、neswithnovelfunctionsL1LINE-1LDLlow-densitylipoproteinandthatintronswillspeeduptheformationofnewcombi-LINElong-interspersednuclearelementnationsand,thus,therateofnewproteinevolution.AmongMCHmelanin-con