2. Flat Lenses Formed by Photonic and Electromagnetic Crystals

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1、FilippoCapolino/ApplicationsofMetamaterials_CFinalsPage--#2FlatLensesFormedbyPhotonicandElectromagneticCrystals.Introduction.........................................-ElectromagneticandPhotonicCrystals●NegativeRefractionandBackward-WaveEffectsPavelA.Belov.PhotonicCrystalPseud

2、olensOperation..............-QueenMaryUniversityofLondon.FlatLensesAllowingtheSubwavelengthImaging....-.FlatLensesOperatingintheCanalizationRegime....-ConstantinR.SimovskiImplementationoftheCanalizationRegimeUsingHelsinkiUniversityofTechnologyCapacitivelyLoadedWireMedium●ExperimentalDem

3、onstrationofSubwavelengthImagingPekkaIkonenbyaSlabofCapacitivelyLoadedWireMediumNokiaResearchCenterReferences.................................................-2.1Introduction2.1.1ElectromagneticandPhotonicCrystalsElectromagneticcrystalsareartificialperiodicalstructuresoperatingatfrequencieswher

4、ethewavelengthiscomparablewiththecharacteristicperiodofthestructure[,].Intheopticalfrequencyrange,suchstructuresarecalledphotoniccrystals[–].Theinherentfeatureofsuchmediaistheexistenceoffrequencybandsinsidewhichwavepropagationisnotallowed.Thesebandsarecalledbandgaps,andthereforethesecrystalsar

5、esometimesalsocalledelectromagneticbandgap(EBG)orphotonicbandgap(PBG)structures.Thebandgapsoriginatephysicallyfromthespatial(Bloch)res-onancesofthecrystalandstronglydependonthedirectionofwavepropagation.Thismeansthatelectromagneticcrystalsaremediawithspatialdispersion[–].Atthosefrequencieswhere

6、itismeaningfultoassignmaterialparametersforsuchmedia,theparametersdependonthewavevec-toraswellasonthefrequency.However,thehomogenizationapproachisnotthemostconvenientwaytodescribeelectromagneticcrystals.Suchanapproachrequirestheintroductionofadditionalboundaryconditionsinordertocorrectlydescribebo

7、undaryvalueproblems.Thisinvolvessomerelatedcomplexities.Theinterestinphotoniccrystalsbeganaboutyearsago.ThepioneeringworksofE.Yablonovitch[]andS.John[],dated,reportstronglocalizationofphotonsandinhibite