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1、Hypervisor-BasedFault-ToleranceTHOMASC.BRESSOUDIsisDistributedSystemsandFREDB.SCHNEIDERCornellUniversityProtocolstoimplementafault-tolerantcomputingsystemaredescribed.Theseprotocolsaug-mentthehypervisorofavirtual-machinemanagerandcoordinateaprimaryvirtualmachinewithitabackup.Nomodificationstothehar
2、dware,operatingsystem,orapplicationprogramsarerequired.AprototypesystemwasconstructedforHP’sPA-RISCinstruction-setarchitecture.Eventhoughtheprototypewasnotcarefidlytuned,itranprogramsaboutafactorof2slowerthanabaremachinewould.CategoriesandSubjectDescriptors:C.2.4[Computer-CommunicationNetworka]:Dis
3、-tributedSystems-networkoperatingsystems;D.4.5[OperatingSysterna]:Reliability-check-point/restart;faulttoleranceGeneralTerms:Algorithms,ReliabilityAdditionalKeyWordsandPhrases:Fault-tolerantcomputingsystem,pnmaryibackupap-proach,virtual-machinemanager1.INTRODUCTIONOnepopularschemeforimplementingfau
4、lttoleranceinvolvesreplicatingacomputationonprocessorsthatfailindependently.Replicasarecoordinatedsothattheyperformthesamesequenceofstatetransitionsand,therefore,producethesameresults.Thisarticledescribesanovelimplementationofthatscheme.Weinterposeasoftwarelayerbetweenthehardwareandtheoperatingsyst
5、em.Theresultisafault-tolerantcomputingsystemwhoseimplementationdoesnotrequiremodificationstothehardware,operatingsystem,oranyapplicationsoftware.ThismaterialisbasedonworksupportedinpartbytheOffIceofNavalResearchundercontractNOO014-91-J-1219,ARPANSFgrantno.CCR-9014363,NASA)ARPAgrantNAG-2-893,andAFO
6、SRgrantF49620-94-1-0198.Anyopinions,findings,andconclusionsorrecommendationsexpressedinthisarticlearethoseoftheauthoranddonotreflecttheviewsoftheseagencies.Authors’addresses:T.C.Bressoud,IsisDistributedSystems,55FairbanksBoulevard,Marlbor-ough,MAO1752;email:bressoud@isis.tom;F.B.Schneider,ComputerS
7、cienceDepartment,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY14853;email:fbs@cs.comell.edu.Permissiontomakedigitalihardcopyofpartorallofthisworkforpersonalorclassroomuseisgrantedwithoutfeeprovidedthatcopiesarenotmadeordistr
