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1、©LonelyPlanetPublications35HistoryKorinaMiller&DamianHarperLitteredwithsieges,cults,kidnappings,indolentemperors,magnificentin-ventions,worksofgeniusandgrandgesturesliketheTerracottaWarriorsoftheQindynastyandthecommunists’LongMarch,Chinesehistorytwistsitswaythr
2、oughnearly6000years.Oftentoutedastheworld’soldestsurvivingcivilisation,ChinahasseenasmanychangesastheGreatWallhasbricks.Theterritorialreachofthestate,theoriginofitsrulers,howpeoplespeakanddress,andevenwhattheyeat,haveallchangedbeyondrecognitionmorethanonce.Toge
3、ther,thehistoryofthemanysocietiesthathaveflourishedonthiscountry’ssoilformthetaletheChinesetellabouttheirorigins.LEGENDSOFYOREWhileChina’searliesthistoryismadeupofthestuffoflegendsandhasnocontemporarywrittenrecord,archaeologyconfirmsthatsocietieshavebeenputting
4、downrootsinChinasinceantiquity.ExcavationsatBànpō(p430),notfarfrompresent-dayXī’ān,showthatasedentaryagriculturalcommunityflourishednearly6000yearsago.Asecondearlyculturewasdiscoveredinpresent-dayShāndōng.KnownasLongshanculture,itshowsthebeginningofmetallurgyan
5、dappearstohavebeenthedrivingforcebehindtheBronzeAgeShangdynasty.TELLTALESIGNS:THESHANGIn1899peasantsworkingnearpresent-dayĀnyángunearthedpiecesofBonesfoundnearĀnyángpolishedboneandturtleshells.Theserelicswereinscribedwithcharactersin1899wereShanganddatedbacktoa
6、round1500BC,thetimeoftheShangdynasty.Houseddynastyoraclebones.TheinĀnyáng’smuseum(p467),thesearetheearliestexamplesoftheelaborateboneswereinscribedandwritingsystemstillusedinChinatoday.heated,andtheresultingShangculturespreadthroughoutmuchofnorthChina,stretchin
7、gfromcrackswereinterpretedShāndōngtoShaanxiandHéběitoHénán.Itwasheadedbyasacredking-asresponsesfromship,whowassupportedbyofficials,armiesandapeasantrythatsupplieddeceasedancestors.labourforthebuildingofcitywallsandotherpublicworks.Therewasalsoaskilledartisanry,
8、whichproducedthemagnificentbronzewareforwhichthisdynastyisknown;visittheHenanProvincialMuseumforfabulousexamples(p457).ENTERCONFUCIUS:THEZHOUAroundthreemillenniaagothelastSh
