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1、REVIEWSOFMODERNPHYSICS,VOLUME74,JANUARY2002QuantumcryptographyNicolasGisin,Gre´goireRibordy,WolfgangTittel,andHugoZbindenGroupofAppliedPhysics,UniversityofGeneva,1211Geneva4,Switzerland(Published8March2002)Quantumcryptographycouldwellbethe®rstapplicationofquantumme
2、chanicsatthesingle-quantumlevel.Therapidprogressinboththeoryandexperimentinrecentyearsisreviewed,withemphasisonopenquestionsandtechnologicalissues.CONTENTSD.Frequencycoding173E.Free-spaceline-of-sightapplications174F.Multi-userimplementations175I.Introduction145V.E
3、xperimentalQuantumCryptographywithPhotonII.ABeautifulIdea146Pairs175A.Theintuition146A.Polarizationentanglement176B.Classicalcryptography147B.Energy-timeentanglement1771.Asymmetrical(public-key)cryptosystems1471.Phasecoding1772.Symmetrical(secret-key)cryptosystems1
4、482.Phase-timecoding1793.Theone-timepadas``classical3.Quantumsecretsharing180teleportation''148VI.Eavesdropping180A.Problemsandobjectives180C.TheBB84protocol149B.Idealizedversusrealimplementation1801.Principle149C.Individual,joint,andcollectiveattacks1812.No-clonin
5、gtheorem149D.Simpleindividualattacks:Intercept-resendand3.Intercept-resendstrategy150measurementintheintermediatebasis1814.Errorcorrection,privacyampli®cation,andE.Symmetricindividualattacks182quantumsecretgrowing150F.ConnectiontoBell'sinequality1855.Advantagedisti
6、llation151G.Ultimatesecurityproofs185D.Otherprotocols152H.Photonnumbermeasurementsandlossless1.Two-stateprotocol152channels1872.Six-stateprotocol152I.Arealisticbeamsplitterattack1883.Einstein-Podolsky-Rosenprotocol152J.Multiphotonpulsesandpassivechoiceofstates1884.
7、Othervariations153K.Trojanhorseattacks189E.Quantumteleportationasa``quantumone-timeL.Realsecurity:Technology,cost,andcomplexity189pad''154VII.Conclusions190F.Opticalampli®cation,quantumnondemolitionAcknowledgments190measurements,andoptimalquantumcloning154Reference
8、s190III.TechnologicalChallenges155A.Photonsources155I.INTRODUCTION1.Faintlaserpulses1562.PhotonpairsgeneratedbyparametricElectrodynamicswasdiscov
