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1、JournalofAdvancedNursing,1999,30(6),1388±1395NursingtheoryandconceptdevelopmentoranalysisCaring:theoreticalperspectivesofrelevancetonursingTanyaV.McCanceMScBSc(Hons)RGNResearchOf®cer,CentreforNursingResearch,UniversityofUlsterHughP.McKennaDPhilBSc(Hons)DipN(London)RMNRGNADVDipEdRNTDirector
2、,CentreforNursingResearch,UniversityofUlsterandJenniferR.P.BooreOBEPhDBSc(Hons)RGNRMRNTFRCNCo-OrdinatorofAcademicAffairsinNursing,UniversityofUlster,Newtownabbey,Co.Antrim,NorthernIrelandAcceptedforpublication24February1999McCANCET.V.,McKENNAH.P.&BOOREJ.R.P.(1999)JournalofAdvancedNursing30
3、(6),1388±1395Caring:theoreticalperspectivesofrelevancetonursingCaringasacentralconceptwithinnursinghasledtothedevelopmentofseveralcaringtheories,themostwellknownbeingMadeleineLeininger'sTheoryofCultureCareandJeanWatson'sTheoryofHumanCaring,bothofwhichwereformulatedinthe1970s.Thispaperexplo
4、resatotaloffourcaringtheories:thetwoestablishedtheoriespresentedbyLeiningerandWatson,SimoneRoach'stheorydevelopedinthe1980s,andarecentcaringtheorydevelopedbyBoykin&Schoenhofer.Acomparisonofthesetheoriesispresenteddrawingonanumberofcriteria,namely:originoftheory,scopeoftheory,de®nitionofcar
5、ing,descriptionofnursing,keyconceptsofthetheory,andgoal/outcome.Addi-tionally,simplicityasacentralcomponentofinternalstructureisexaminedinrelationtoeach.Basedonthisanalysis,similaritiesanddifferencesarehighlighted,concludingwithadiscussionoftheutilityofthecaringtheorieswithinnursingpractic
6、e.Keywords:nursing,caring,theoryLea&Watson1996,McCanceetal.1997).Furthermore,aINTRODUCTIONrangeoftheorieshavebeenpresentedintheliteratureInrecentyearsseveralissuespertinenttothedevelopmentwhichhavecaringasacentralconceptandarebasedonaofnursingknowledgehavebeenaddressed.Theseincludehumansci
7、enceperspective.TheseincludeLeininger'suncoveringphenomenaconsideredcentraltonursingand(1991)TheoryofCultureCare,Watson's(1985)TheoryofthenursingtheoriesandmodelsthathaveemanatedfromHumanCaring,Boykin&Schoenhofer's(1993)Theoryofthem(Meleis1997,Fawcett1993,1995
