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1、HANDBOOKofAPPLIEDCRYPTOGRAPHYAlfredJ.MenezesPaulC.vanOorschotScottA.VanstoneForewordbyR.L.RivestAswedrawneartoclosingoutthetwentiethcentury,weseequiteclearlythattheinformation-processingandtelecommunicationsrevolutionsnowunderwaywillcontinuevigorouslyintothetwenty-first.Weinteractandtr
2、ansactbydirectingflocksofdigitalpacketstowardseachotherthroughcyberspace,carryinglovenotes,digitalcash,andsecretcorporatedocuments.Ourpersonalandeconomiclivesrelymoreandmoreonourabilitytoletsuchetherealcarrierpigeonsmediateatadistancewhatweusedtodowithface-to-facemeetings,paperdocument
3、s,andafirmhandshake.Unfortunately,thetechnicalwizardryenablingremotecollaborationsisfoundedonbroadcastingeverythingassequencesofzerosandonesthatone'sowndogwouldn'trecognize.Whatistodistinguishadigitaldollarwhenitisaseasilyreproducibleasthespokenword?Howdoweconverseprivatelywheneverysyl
4、lableisbouncedoffasatelliteandsmearedoveranentirecontinent?HowshouldabankknowthatitreallyisBillGatesrequestingfromhislaptopinFijiatransferof$10,000,000,000toanotherbank?Fortunately,themagicalmathematicsofcryptographycanhelp.Cryptographyprovidestechniquesforkeepinginformationsecret,ford
5、eterminingthatinformationhasnotbeentamperedwith,andfordeterminingwhoauthoredpiecesofinformation.Cryptographyisfascinatingbecauseoftheclosetiesitforgesbetweentheoryandpractice,andbecausetoday'spracticalapplicationsofcryptographyarepervasiveandcriticalcomponentsofourinformation-basedsoci
6、ety.Information-protectionprotocolsdesignedontheoreticalfoundationsoneyearappearinproductsandstandardsdocumentsthenext.Conversely,newtheoreticaldevelopmentssometimesmeanthatlastyear'sproposalhasapreviouslyunsuspectedweakness.Whilethetheoryisadvancingvigorously,thereareasyetfewtrueguara
7、ntees;thesecurityofmanyproposalsdependsonunproven(ifplausible)assumptions.Thetheoreticalworkrefinesandimprovesthepractice,whilethepracticechallengesandinspiresthetheoreticalwork.Whenasystemis"broken,"ourknowledgeimproves,andnextyear'ssystemisimprovedtorepairthedefect.(Oneisremindedof
