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1、16CartographicSyntaxofPragmaticProjectionsSzE-winGtAnG1.PragmaticProjections:EvidencefromComparativedataAustin(1962:32)makesaninterestingclaimthattheimperativesinEnglish,suchas(1),canberephrasedassentenceswithanexplicitperformative,suchas(2),andnotesth
2、at“weshouldsaycheerfullyineithercase,describingsubsequentlywhatsomeonedid,thatheorderedmetogo.”(1)Go!(2)Iorderyoutogo.BasedonAustin’s(1962)speculation,Ross(1970:224)proposesanabstractrep-resentationfordeclarativesentencesandarguesthatdeclarativesentenc
3、es,suchas(3),areanalyzedasimplicitperformativesandarederivedfromadeepstructurethatcontainsanexplicitperformativeverb,asrepresentedinthesimplifiedstruc-turein(4).Ross(1970:262note13)pointsoutthatthehighestverbinthisstruc-turedominatesabundleofsyntacticf
4、eatures[+V,+performative,+communication,+linguistic,+declarative]whichmayappearinthelexicalrepresentationofsuchac-tuallyexistingverbsasassert,declare,say,state,tell,andsoon,inEnglish.Toderivesentenceslike(3)onthesurface,Ross(1970:249)proposesaruleofper
5、formativedeletion,accordingtowhichthespeakerI,thebundleofsyntacticfeaturesundertheperformativeverb,andtheaddresseeyouin(4)willbedeleted.Althoughtheprag-maticlayercannotbeseenonthesurface,itdoesexistasanunderlyingelement.(3)Pricesslumped.(4)[S[NPI][V[NP
6、you][Spricesslumped]]]TheperformativehypothesiscanbesupportedbyArabic.InArabic,therearethreecomplementizers,namelyʔan,whichisusedafterverbsdenotingexpectation,com-mand,orrequest;ʔinna,whichisusedonlyaftertheverbʔaquulu‘(I)say’;andʔanna,ChineseSyntaxina
7、Cross-linguisticPerspective.AudreyLi,AndrewSimpson,Wei-TianDylanTsai.©OxfordUniversityPress2015.429Published2015byOxfordUniversityPress.9780199945672-Li_01.indb42922/09/141:27PM430chinesesyntaxinacross-linguisticperspectivewhichisusedafterallotherverbs
8、.Giventhat(5)and(6)aresynonymousandinfreevariationinArabic,Ross(1970:245)arguesthattheperformativeverbʔaquulu‘(I)say’mustbeinthedeepstructureandisdeletedbytheruleofperformativedeletion,deriving(6)withthecomplementizerʔinnaonthesurface.(
