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1、COGNITIVEPSYCHOLOGY2,400-410(1971)SourcesofErrorinSyllogisticReasoning1JOHNCEFUSOANDANGELAPROVITESAInstituteforCognitiveStudiesRutgers-NewarkTheexperimentattemptedtoprovideevidencethaterrorsinreasoningdonotimplythatreasoningisnotoccurringatall.Onesuggestionhasbe
2、enthaterrorsoccurbecauseSsmisinterpretsyllogisticpremisesinordertorefertosimplerclassrelations.WhenSsweregivenmodifiedsyllogismshavingthesesimplerrelationsaspremises,theyperformedconsiderablybetterthanwhengiventraditionalsyllogisms.Furthermore,theyrespondedtothe
3、traditionalsyllogismsasiftheywerethemodifiedsyllogisms,whichaccountedfortheirerrors.Asecondsourceoferrorwastracedtothelogicalstructureofthesyllogism.Itwasfoundthatthemorealternativesgeneratedbyasetofpremises,themoredifficultwasthesyllogism.Itwasarguedthaterrorsi
4、nreasoningarenottheresultofillogicaloralogicalprocesses,butaretheresultofanincompleteanalysisofthelogicalstruc-tureofthesyllogism.Atthispointinthehistoryofpsychology,whenitisclaimedthatmachinescanthink,itseemsstrangetosaythatpeoplecannot.TheAtmosphereHypothesiso
5、fdeductivethinking,however,goesinthatdirection(Begg&Denny,1969).Brieflystated,thehypothesisisthatdeductionisguidedbytheglobalimpressionengenderedbythewordsofasyllogism.So,forexample,giventhepremises“AllAareB”and“AllBareC,”onemayacceptthevalidconclusion“AllAareC,
6、”merelybecauseitcontainstheword,“all.”Ther-gumentbecomesstrongerwhenthepremisesare“AllAareB”and“AllCareB”andwhen“AllAareC”isagainselected,eventhoughitisnowinvalid.AnalternativetononlogicalaccountsofreasoninghasbeenofferedbyHenle(1962)andbyChapmanandChapman(1959)
7、,whopointoutthaterrorsinreasoningdonotatallimplythatreasoningisnotoccur-ring.Thelatterauthors,forexample,arguethatgiven“AllAareB,”manypeoplewillaccepttheconverse,“AllBareA,”asalsotrue.Now,ifthepremisesoftheinvalidsyllogismgivenabovearetreatedinthisway,then“AllAa
8、reC”couldjustaswellbetheresultofvalidreason-‘ThisstudywassupportedbyGrantno.MH14195fromthePublicHealthService.RequestsforreprintsshouldbesenttoJohnCeraso,Institutefor
