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1、CurrentBiology20,R897R903,October26,2010ª2010ElsevierLtdAllrightsreservedDOI10.1016/j.cub.2010.08.053OptogeneticApproachesinNeuroscienceMinireviewAndre´Fiala1,*,AnnaSuska2,andOliverM.Schlu¨ter2overcometheseobstaclestomanipulatewidelyscatteredbutfunctiona
2、llydefinedgroupsofneurons.Optogenetics,asthewordindicates,combinestwoexper-Therecentlyintroducedtermoptogeneticsdescribesimentalstrategies:opticalmanipulationofneuronalactivityavarietyoftechniquesforexpressinggenesinnervecells(alongwithappropriatereadouts
3、)andgeneticdefinitionofthatrenderthemresponsivetolight.Thisapproachmakeswhichneuronsaremanipulated.Theopticalpartcomesuseoflight-sensitivechannelproteinsthatcanbeusedtofromuseofaspecificlight-sensitiveproteinexpressedinmanipulateneuronalfunction.Usinggenet
4、icstrategies,theneuronsofinterest.Opticalmethodsarenowquitethesechannelproteinscanbeexpressedinneuronscommonlyusedfortheobservationofthestructureandfunc-definedbyacommongeneticidentity,whichcanthenbetionofneurons.Inthesimplestcase,fluorescentproteinsaresel
5、ectivelyactivatedorsilencedthroughillumination.usedtovisualizedefinedneuronalpopulations.ToobserveInthisminireview,weshalldescribethebasicprinciplesneuronalactivity,avarietyoffluorescencesensorproteins,ofsuchmanipulativeoptogeneticapproachesinneurosci-indi
6、catingthoseinvolvedinintracellularcalciuminflux,enceandsummarizehowthesetoolsarebeingexploitedsynapticvesiclereleaseorsecondmessengersignaling,toinvestigateneuronalcircuitsandbehavior.havebeendesignedoverthepastdecade[2,3].Incontrasttotheselight-emittingo
7、pticaltools,thetermoptogeneticsIntroductionreferstoapproachesthatexploitchannelproteinsthathaveThenervoussystemsofhumansandotheranimalsconsistofeitherbeenrenderedresponsivetolightorthatareinherentlymanydiversetypesofnervecellsthatareinterconnectedwithlig
8、ht-sensitive,therebyallowingonetomanipulatethatis,eachotheratsynapticsites,ultimatelyformingfunctionalactivateorinhibitneuronalactivity[1,35].circuitsthatcontrolbehavior.NeuroscientistsareunitedbyThegeneticpart,ontheotherh
