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1、PlanningPerspectives,11(1996)339–377AmericanplanninginrepublicanChina,1911–1937JEFFREYW.CODYDepartmentofArchitecture,ChineseUniversityofHongKong,Shatin,HongKongThispaperarguesthatinChina,betweenthefalloftheQingdynastyin1911andtheonsetofthefull-fledgedChinesewarofresistance(Kanzheng)agains
2、tJapanin1937,AmericanplannersandChinesemunicipalexpertstrainedinAmericanuniversitiesinitiatedsignificantplanningschemesinseveralChinesecities.ThisinfluencemarkedacrucialchangeinChinesecityplanningbecausefromthemid-19thcenturyto1911ithadprimarilybeenBritish,FrenchorGermanplannerswhohadexer
3、tedforeigninfluenceonChineseurbanform,particularlyinthetreatyportsofeasternChina.ThreeofthebestexamplesthatdemonstratethisshiftofemphasistoAmerican-basedidealsofmunicipalprogressaretheplansforGuangzhou(Canton)intheearly1920s,thenewcapitalplanatNanjing(Nanking)andthegreaterShanghaiplaninth
4、elate1920s.AlthoughsomescholarshaveanalysedtheShanghaiandNanjingplans,fewhaveexploredthewayscityplanningduringtherepublicanperiodreflectsapatternofNorthAmericaninfluenceinthereshapingofChineseurbanform.Inidentifyingthispattern,thispaperwillarguethatGuangzhouwasafirsttestinggroundwhereChin
5、esepoliticians,withinadecadeafterthefirstAmericancityplanningconferenceof1909,consciouslytriedtoapplyup-to-dateAmericanplanningprinciplesassociatedwiththe‘cityfunctional’,the‘cityscientific’orthe‘cityefficient’toaChinesecitythattheyperceivedasinefficient.Thereweretwoinitialspheresofinflue
6、nceassociatedwiththisAmericanconnection:(1)aninstitutionalone,inwhichGuangzhouplannersexperimentedwithacommissionformofAmericanmunicipalgovernmentwhich,since1900,hadbecomepopularespeciallyintheAmericanwestandmidwest;and(2)aninfluencerelatedtourbanspaceandform,asplannerswidenedseveralnarro
7、wstreetsofcongestedGuangzhouanddemolisheditscitywall,therebyfollowingthegospelofAmericanssuchasBenjaminMarshwho,since1907,hadbeenproselytizingabouttheilleffectsofurbancongestion.Guangzhou’splanningexperimentsinthe1920swereattheforefrontoffurtherAmericanplanningconne
