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1、1.2ComputerGenerations1.2.4Fourth-GenerationComputers:1971～?Softwaredevelopmentduringthefourthcomputergenerationstartedoffwithlittlechangefromthethirdgeneration.Operatingsystemsweregraduallyimproved,andnewlanguagesweredesigned.Databasesoftwarebecamewidelyusedduringth
2、istime.Themostimportanttrend,however,resultedfromthemicrocomputerrevolution.Packagedsoftwarebecamewidelyavailableformicrocomputerssothattodaymostsoftwareispurchased,notdevelopedfromscratch.在计算机的第四代期间，软件的发展开始与第三代有所不同。操作系统在逐渐地改进，而新的语言被发明。期间数据库软件被广泛使用。然而，最重要的趋势起因于微型计算机革
3、命。用于微型计算机的软件包随处可得，因此今天大多数的软件可以购得,而不需从头开始开发。1.2.5GenerationlessComputersWemayhavedefinedourlastgenerationofcomputersandbeguntheeraofgenerationlesscomputers.Eventhoughcomputermanufacturerstalkof“fifth”and“sixth”-generationcomputers,thistalkismoreamarketingplaythanarefl
4、ectionofreality.我们可能已经定义了我们最新一代计算机而且开始了计算机的无代时代。即使计算机制造商谈到“第五”和“第六”代计算机,这些说法更多是市场行为，而不是真实的反映。Advocatesoftheconceptofgenerationlesscomputerssaythateventhoughtechnologicalinnovationsarecominginrapidsuccession,nosingleinnovationis,orwillbe,significantenoughtocharacteriz
5、eanothergenerationofcomputers.无代计算机的观念提倡者说，即使科技革新接二连三地迅速出现,没有一种革新是,或将是足够重要，作为另一代计算机的特征。1.2ComputerGenerationsNewWords&Expressions:gleanvt.,vi.搜集(情报或事实)MDabbr.Maryland(马里兰)Tflopsabbr.teraflops每秒兆兆(1012)次architecturen.体系机构terabitn.兆兆位factorn.阶乘bandwidthn.带宽Terabyten.兆兆
6、(1012)字节；Petabyten.千兆兆(1015)字节microprocessorn.[计]微处理器contemplatev.凝视,沉思ordern.阶,次turbulencen.扰动；湍流GB=GigaBit,千兆位;=GigaByte,吉字节flopsn.每秒浮点运算次数(floating-pointoperationpersecond)1.3Near-futureSupercomputerDirectionsSomeideaofwhatmightbehappeninginthenearfutureinsupercom
7、puterdesigncanbegleanedfromapressreleaseissuedbytheUSDepartmentofEnergy(DoE).ItcameoutoftheSUPERCOMPUTING2002ConferenceheldlastNovemberinBaltimore,MD.ThepressreleaseannouncedthattheDoEhadawardedIBMa$290(USD)millioncontracttobuildthetwofastestsupercomputersintheworldw
8、ithacombinedpeakspeedof460TFlops.Togetanideaofthespeedcomputingthroughput460teraflopsrepresents,thepressreleasestatesthat,“Thesetwo
