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1、Sensorbasics:Types,functionsandapplicationsMartinRowe-September12,2013TheAppleiPhonebroughtthebenefitsofintegratedmulti-sensortechnologytothemasses,andwhiletheapplicationofsensorsandtheirassociatedalgorithmshasmultipliedandchangedtheworldforever,thefundamentalsoft
2、hemainsensortypesandhowtheyworkhasnot.Ifyou'veforgottenthosefundamentals,arenewtosensorapplications,orjustneedahandylistforreference,thisarticleoffersareviewofmajorsensortypesandapplications.Editor'snote:Classifyinganythingisachallenge,andsensorsarenoexception.Wed
3、idourbesttogroupthefollowingsectionsinawaythatmakessense,butofcourse,wewereworkingwithsomethingthat'smoreofamatrix.Forexample,wediscusscapacitivesensorsintermsofhowthey'reusedintouchscreens.Then,wediscussinductivesensorsasthey'reusedtodetectproximity.Butsomeproxim
4、itysensorsarecapacitive.Sowechosetohighlightinductiveproximitysensorsbecausethey’remorewidelyused.Wealsochosetofocusonphotoresistorsandphotodiodeswhendiscussingopticalsensors.WecouldhavewrittenanentiresectiononCCDandCMOSopticalsensorsusedincameras.Theywereworthmen
5、tioning,butwefeltthatphotoresistorsandphotodiodeswasabetterfit.Byallmeansaddyourtwocentsinthecommentsareabelowandwecanupdatethelistasneeded.It'salistin'flux'.TemperaturesensorsTemperatureisthemostcommonofallphysicalmeasurements.Wehavetemperaturemeasurement-and-con
6、trolunits,calledthermostats,inourhomeheatingsystems,refrigerators,airconditioners,andovens.Temperaturesensorsareusedoncircuitboards,aspartofthermaltests,inindustrialcontrols,andinroomcontrolssuchasincalibrationlabsanddatacenters.Thoughtherearemanytypesoftemperatur
7、esensors,mostarepassivedevices:Thermocouples,RTDs(resistancetemperaturedetectors),andthermistors.Thermocouples(T/Cs)arethemostcommontypeofsensorbecausetheydon’trequireanexcitationsignal.Theyconsistoftwowiresmadeofdissimilarmetalsjoinedatthepointofmeasurement.Based
8、ontheSeebeckeffect,T/Csoperateonthepremisethateachmetaldevelopsavoltagedifferentialacrossitslengthbasedonthetypeofmetalandthedifferenceintemperaturebetw
