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1、Foracompleteversionofthispaper(withnotesandreferences)wereferto:Campos,HéctorandPaulaKempchinsky(eds.)(1995).EvolutionandRevolutioninLinguisticTheory.WashingtonDC:GeorgetownUniversityPress.Foracademicuseonly.BarePhraseStructureNoamChomskyMIT1.SomeLeadingIdeasintheStudyofLanguageasakindofconfluence
2、oflong-forgottenconcernsofthestudyoflanguageandmindandnewunderstandingprovidedbytheformalsciences.Thispaperisanextensionofearlierones(Chomsky1991,1993)thatwereconcernedwithtworelatedquestions:(1)WhatconditionsonthehumanThefirsteffortstoaddresstheseproblemsquicklyrevealedthattraditionallanguagefacu
3、ltyareimposedbyconsiderationsofvirtualconceptualnecessity?grammaticalandlexicalstudiesdonotbegintodescribe,letaloneexplain,the(2)Towhatextentisthelanguagefacultydeterminedbytheseconditions,thatis,mostelementaryfactsabouteventhebest-studiedlanguages.Rather,theyhowmuchspecialstructuredoesithavebeyon
4、dthem?Thefirstquestioninturnprovidehintsthatcanbeusedbythereaderwhoalreadyhastacitknowledgeofhastwoaspects:whatconditionsareimposedonthelanguagefacultybyvirtuelanguageandofparticularlanguages.Thisishardlyadiscoveryuniquetoof(A)itsplacewithinthearrayofcognitivesystemsofthemind/brain,and(B)linguisti
5、cs.Typically,whenquestionsaremoresharplyformulated,itislearnedgeneralconsiderationsofsimplicity,elegance,andeconomythathavesomethatevenelementaryphenomenahadescapednoticeandthatintuitiveaccountsindependentplausibility?thatseemedsimpleandpersuasiveareentirelyinadequate.Ifwearesatisfiedthatanapplefa
6、llstothegroundbecausethatisitsnaturalplace,therewillbenoQuestion(B)isnotprecise,butnotwithoutcontent,asinthenaturalsciencesseriousscienceofmechanics.Thesameistrueifoneissatisfiedwithtraditionalgenerally.Question(A)hasanexactanswer,butonlypartsofitcanbesurmised,rulesforformingquestionsorwiththelexi
7、calentriesinthemostelaborategivenwhatisknownaboutrelatedcognitivesystems.Totheextentthatthedictionaries,noneofwhichcomeclosetodescribingsimplepropertiesoftheseanswertoquestion(2)ispositive,languageissomethinglike
