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1、1.Theoriginsofetiquette-----theconventionrulesofbehaviorandceremoniesobservedinpolitesociety-------arecomplex.oneofthemisrespectforauthority.Fromthemostprimitivetimes,subjectsshowedrespectfortheirrulerbybowing,prostratingthemselvesontheground,notspeaki
2、nguntilspokento,andneverturningtheirbackstothethrone.somemonarchsdevelopedrulestostressevenfurthertherespectduetothem.TheemperorsofByzantiumexpectedtheirsubjectstokisstheirfeet.whenanambassadorfromabroadwasintroduced,hehadtotouchthegroundbeforethethron
3、ewithhisforehead.Meanwhilethethroneitselfwasraisedintheairsothat,onlookingup,theambassadorsawtherulerfarabovehim,haughtyandremote在上流社会,行为举止、各种庆典仪式都有传统的惯例,其起因相当复杂,他们的起因之一,是要对当权者表示尊重。在远古时期,臣民对统治者的膜拜表现在深深的鞠躬,匍匐在地,不问不能开口以及绝不能背对王位而行,有些君主为了使臣民对他们更加毕恭毕敬,又制定了许
4、多繁文缛节,拜占庭时期的帝王们就让臣子庶民亲吻他们的双脚,当外交使节被引见的时候,他必须跪拜在王位之前,前额触地,而君主则高高在上,大使只能仰视君主,这样使君主更能居高临下,目空一切,高不可及,2.Abosoluteruleshave,asarule,madeetiquettemorecomplicatedratherthansimpler.Thepurposeisnotonlytomaketherulerseemalmostgodlike,butalsotoprotecthimfromfamili
5、arity,forwithoutsomesuchprotectionhislife,livedinevitablyinthepubliceye,wouldbeintolerable.ThecourtofLouisXIVofFranceprovidedanexcellentexampleofaveryhighlydevelopedsystemofetiquette.BecausethekingandhisfamilywereconsideredtobelongtoFrance,theywerealmo
6、stcontinuallyonshowamongtheircourtiers.Theywoke,prayed,washedanddressedbeforecrowdsofcourtiers.Evenlargecrowdswatchedthemeattheirmeals,andaccesstotheirpalacewhichwasfreetoalltheirsubjects通常情况下,专制的君主,都把礼仪变的更为复杂化,其目的不仅仅在于神化自己,而且他们想通过超凡脱俗来巩固自己的神圣地位,因为没有这种
7、保护要想在众人瞩目之下生活将不堪承受,法国路易十四的王宫中有一套复杂、严明的礼仪,就是一个极其典型的例子,因为国王和王室被认为是属于法兰西的,因而他们无时无刻不把自己呈现在众臣之前,从起床就寝、祈祷神灵到梳洗更衣无一隐蔽,即使每日用餐也在重视之下,所有子民都可自由进入王宫。3.Yetthispubliclifewasorganizedsominutely,withsucharefinementofceremonial,thattheauthorityofthekingandtherespectinw
8、hichhewasheldgrewsteadilythroughouthislifetime.Acrowdwatchedhimdress,butonlytheDukewhowashisfirstvaletdechamberwasallowedtoholdouttherightsleeveofhisshirt,onlytheprincewhowashisGrandChamberlaincouldrelivehimofhisshirt,onlytheMasterofthe