[批判性推理入门：论证的不同型态].Different.Types.of.Arguments.(slides)

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1、CriticalReasoningforBeginnersMarianneTalbotDepartmentforContinuingEducationUniversityofOxfordMichaelmas2009Recaponlastweek:argumentsare……setsofsentencessuchthat…….oneofthem(theconclusion)isbeingsaidtobetrue…….theother(s)(thepremises)arebeingofferedasreasonsforbelievingthetruthoftheoneDistinguishar

2、gumentsfrom:(a)setsofsentencesnotrelatedasarguments(b)sentences(assertions)TodayweshallbeconsideringdifferenttypesofargumentTherearetwobasictypesofargument:(i)deductivearguments(ii)inductiveargumentsDeductiveargumentsaresuchthat……thetruthoftheirpremisesguarantees……thetruthoftheirconclusionExampleo

3、fadeductiveargument:ItisFridayMariannealwayswearsjeansonaFriday,ThereforeMarianneiswearingjeans.Deductionisan‘either/or’thing:agooddeductiveargumentgivesusconditionalcertaintyabadonetellsusnothingInductiveargumentsaresuchthat……thetruthoftheirpremises……makestheconclusionmoreorlessprobableNote:Induc

4、tiveargumentscanbeeitherweakorstrongExampleofastronginductiveargument:ThesunhasriseneverydayinthehistoryoftheuniverseThereforethesunwillrisetomorrowExampleofaweakinductiveargument:EverytimeIhaveseenMarianneshehasbeenwearingearringsThereforenexttimeIseeMarianneshewillbewearingearringsCanyousaywhich

5、argumentsaredeductiveandwhichinductive:1.Thesuniscomingoutsotherainshouldstopsoon.2.IfJaneisatthepartyJohnwon’tbe.Janeisattheparty,thereforeJohnwon’tbe.3.ThehouseisamessthereforeLucymustbehome4.Eitherhe’sinthebathroomorthebedroom.He’snotinthebathroom,sohemustbeinthebedroom.5.Thedogwouldhavebarkedi

6、fitsawastranger.Itdidn’tbark,soitdidn’tseeastranger.6.No-oneinParisunderstandsme,somyFrenchmustberotten,ortheParisiansarestupid.Logiciansstudydeductionbystudyingvalidargumentsforms….…argumentsthatarevalidinvirtueoftheirformsasopposedtotheircontents.AllmenaremortalAllactionsthatproducetheGHGNarerig

7、ht.SocratesisamanThatactionproducedSocratesismortaltheGHGN.ThatactionwasrightModusponens:IfPthenQ,PthereforeQExample:Iftherearenochancefactorsinchessthenchessisagameofskill.Therearenochancefactorsinchess.Therefor