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1、WhatItMeanstoBe98%ChimpanzeeJONATHANMARKSWhatItMeanstoBe98%ChimpanzeeApes,People,andTheirGenesuniversityofcaliforniapressberkeleylosangeleslondonUniversityofCaliforniaPressBerkeleyandLosAngeles,CaliforniaUniversityofCaliforniaPress,Ltd.London,England2002bytheRegentsoftheUniversityofCalif
2、orniaLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataISBN0-520-90062-6ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica10090807060504030210987654321Thepaperusedinthispublicationisbothacid-freeandtotallychlorine-free(TCF).Itmeetstheminimumre-quirementsofANSI/NISOZ39.48–1992(R1997)(Per-manenceofPaper).F
3、orPetaandAbbycontentsListofIllustrationsxiAcknowledgmentsxiiiIntroduction1onemolecularanthropology7twotheapeinyou32threehowpeopledifferfromoneanother51fourthemeaningofhumanvariation72fivebehavioralgenetics100sixfolkheredity128sevenhumannature159eighthumanrights...forapes?180nineahumangene
4、museum?198tenidentityanddescent219elevenisbloodreallysodamnthick?242twelvescience,religion,andworldview266NotesandSources289Index303illustrations1.Tulp’s“satyr,”c.1641.162.Tyson’s“orang-outang,”or“pygmie,”c.1699.183.Afusionoftwoapechromosomesledtotheformationofhumanchromosome2.384.Unlikeh
5、umans,chimpsandgorillashavedarklystainingregionsatthetipsoftheirchromosomes.395.Paraphyly:humansarephylogeneticallyapesonlyinthesamesensethatwearealsophylogeneticallyfish.466.GorillaandmandrawnbyanatomistAdolphSchultz,1933.717.Theambiguityofpresumptivegeneticrelationsamonghuman“races.”201x
6、iacknowledgmentsThisbookwasbeguninBerkeleyandcompletedinCharlotte,andtheresearchwassupportedinpartbyagrantfromtheNationalScienceFoundation.Itwasalongtimedeveloping,andI’dliketothankthepeoplewhoreadandcommentedonitinvariousforms,inpartorasawhole:DeborahWeiss,KenKorey,AmosDeinard,PhyllisDol
7、hinow,JonathanBeckwith,AlanGoodman,JimMoore,VincentSarich,PhillipJohnson,RikaKaestle,DebraHarry,SarahTishkoff,theparticipantsinthe1999Wenner-Grensymposiumcalled“AnthropologyintheAgeofGenetics,”andRegulaNoetzli.ThanksaswelltomyeditorsattheUniversityofCaliforniaPress,
