现代语言学第二章音系学

《现代语言学第二章音系学》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。

1、Chapter2Phonology音系学1.Thephonicmediumoflanguage语言的声音媒介Speechandwritingarethetwomediausedbynaturallanguagesasvehiclesforcommunication.Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,speechismorebasicthanwriting.Speechispriortowriting.Thewritingsystemofanylanguageisalways“invented”byitsuserstorecordsp

2、eechwhentheneedarises.Forlinguists,thestudyofsoundsisofgreaterimportancethanthatofwriting.Thelimitedrangesofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationandareofinteresttolinguisticstudiesarethephonicmediumoflanguage(语言的声音媒介).Theindividualsoundswithinthisrangearethespeechsound

3、s（语音）.2．Whatisphonetics?什么是语音学？Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage；Itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.语音学研究的对象是语言的声音媒介，即人类语言中使用的全部语音。Therearethreebranchesofphonetics.Theyare:Articulatoryphonetics（发音语音学）,itstudiesthespeechsoundsfrom

4、thespeaker’spointofview.Itstudieshowaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds.Auditoryphonetics（听觉语音学），itstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthehearer’spointofview.Itstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbyhehearer.Acousticphonetics（声学语音学），itstudiesthespeechsoundsbylookingatthesoundwav

5、es.Itstudiesthephysicalmeansbywhichspeechsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.3.Organsofspeech发音器官Thepharyngealcavity咽腔thethroatTheoralcavity口腔themouthThenasalcavity鼻腔thenoseTheairstreamcomingfromthelungsmaybemodifiedinthesecavitiesinmanyways.Itmayalsobemod

6、ifiedinthelarynx(喉)beforeitreachesanyofthecavities.Lyingacrosstheglottis(声门)arethevocalcords(声带).Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalled“voicing”.Thespeedofthevibrationdeterminesthepitchofthesound.Thetongueisthemostflexibleintheoralcavity.3.Orthographicr

7、epresentationofspeechsounds–broadandnarrowtranscriptions语音的书写形式－宽式和窄式音标IPA-InternationalPhoneticAlphabet国际音标Therearetwowaystotranscribespeechsounds.Oneisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbols(字母符号)only,calledbroadtranscription(宽式音标).Theotheristhetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstog

8、etherwiththediacritics(变音符号),callednarrowtranscription(窄式音标).实例：对pit