Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time 1992

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1、LINGUISTICDIVERSITYINSPACEANDTIMEJohannaNicholsTheUniversityofChicagoPressChicagoandLondonTheUniversityofChicagoPress,Chicago60637TheUniversityofChicagoPress,Ltd.,London©1992byTheUniversityofChicagoAllrightsreserved.Published1992Paperbackedition1999PrintedintheUnitedStates

2、ofAmerica0403020100995432ISBN:0-226-58056-3(cloth)ISBN:0-226-58057-1(paperback)LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataNichols,Johanna.Linguisticdiversityinspaceandtime/JohannaNichols.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferences(p.)andindex.1.Comparativelinguistics.2.Areal

3、linguistics.3.Languageandlanguages—Variation.4.Linguisticdemography.I.Title.P143.N531992417'.7—dc2091-43682©ThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsoftheAmericanNationalStandardforInformationSciences—PermanenceofPaperforPrintedLibraryMaterials,ANSIZ39.48-19

4、92.ContentsListofIllustrationsviiListofTablesixAcknowledgmentsxiiiNoteonTranscriptionandAbbreviationsxv1Introduction12FavoredandDisfavoredGrammaticalPatterns453CorrelationsbetweenTypes974CorrelationsofStructuralTypeswithGrammaticalCategories1165DiachronicStability:Genetica

5、ndAreal1636TheRoleofGeography:StructuralAffinitiesbetweenAreas1847LinguisticDiversity:GeographicalDistribution2318DiversityandLinguisticPrehistory:ConclusionsandOpenQuestions254Appendixes1SampleLanguages2832Data:Language(byArea)andStructuralFeatures2923AlphabeticalListofLa

6、nguages3024FrequencyandDistributionofVoiceSystems307Notes311References319Indexes343vIllustrationsFigures1FrequenciesofD/(H+F)ratios732FrequenciesofD/(D+H+F)proportions743PlotofDagainstHvalues(NPandSonly)774Frequenciesofcomplexitylevels885Treediagramoftypologicaldivergence2

7、29Maps1Sampleareas282Modernlanguagefamilies283Samplelanguages294Head-markinglanguagesinsample295Double/splitmarkinglanguagesinsample306Dependent-markinglanguagesinsample307Ergativelanguagesinsample318Stative-activelanguagesinsample319Languageswithinclusive/exclusiveopposit

8、ions3210Languageswithalienable/inalienablepossession3211Languageswithnounclasses3312Langu