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1、1Kissinger,Spinoza,andGenghisKhanEdwinCurleyInaninterviewwithOrianaFallaciin1972,HenryKissinger,askedabouttheinfluenceofMachiavellionhisthought,deniedthattheFlorentineadviserofprinceshadhadanyinfluenceonhimatall:ThereisreallyverylittleofMachiavelli'sonecanacceptoruseinthecontemporaryworld..
2、..Ifyouwanttoknowwhohasinfluencedmemost,I'llanswerwithtwophilosophers'names:SpinozaandKant.WhichmakesitallthemorepeculiarthatyouchoosetoassociatemewithMachiavelli.2Wemaysuspect,ofcourse,thatifKissingerhadlearnedanythingatallfromMachiavelli,thelastthinghewouldwanttodo,givenMachiavelli'sreput
3、ationasateacherofevil,wouldbetoadmitit.Ifaleadercannotactuallybevirtuous,Machiavellitellsus,hemustatleasttrytoseemvirtuous(unless,intheparticularcircumstances,seemingviciouswillbemorehelpfulinmaintaininghisposition).SofarasIcandiscover,however,nooneseemstohavenotedtheironyinvolvedinKissinge
4、r'scombininghisdisavowalofMachiavelliwithanembraceofSpinoza.SpinozaisarguablythemostMa-chiavellianofthegreatmodempoliticalphilosophers.3WedonotknowSpinoza,4andsowedonotnoticetheirony.Letustrytorepairourignorance.I.SPINOZAASANECCENTRICHOBBESIANAtfirstglanceSpinozamayappear,inhispoliticalphil
5、osophy,tobemoreaneccentricHobbesianthanaMachiavellian.Heimaginesastateofnatureinwhichmen'snaturalegoismandhostilitytooneanothermaketheirlivesinsecure,wretched,andbrutal(TTPiv.18-1FromtheCambridgeCompaniontoSpinoza,ed.byDonGarrett,1996,pp.315-343.2TheNewRepublic,16December1972,page21.Regrett
6、ablyMs.FallacididnotfollowupbyaskingDr.KissingerwhichaspectsofSpinoza's(orKant's)thoughthadinfluencedhim.Thereis,ofcourse,somequestionastowhethertheprintedinterviewcorrespondstowhatKissingeractuallysaidontheoccasion.SeeWalterIsaacson,Kissinger,SimonandSchuster,1992,page478.ButIseenoreasonto
7、questionthispartoftheinterview.3Machiavelli'sinfluenceonSpinozahasbeenemphasizedbothinMcShea1968,andStanleyRosen,inhiscontributiontoCropseyandStrauss1981.ThemostthoroughstudyisCalvetti1972.4I.e.,Anglo-AmericanphilosophersdonotknowSpinozaasapoliticalthink
