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1、SumerianLexiconVersion3.0byJohnA.HalloranThefollowinglexiconcontains1,255Sumerianlogogramwordsand2,511Sumeriancompoundwords.Alogogramisareadingofacuneiformsignwhichrepresentsawordinthespokenlanguage.Sumerianscribesinventedthepracticeofwritingincuneiformonclaytabletss
2、ometimearound3400B.C.intheUruk/WarkaregionofsouthernIraq.Thelanguagethattheyspoke,Sumerian,isknowntousthroughalargebodyoftextsandthroughbilingualcuneiformdictionariesofSumerianandAkkadian,thelanguageoftheirSemiticsuccessors,towhichSumerianisnotrelated.Thesebilinguald
3、ictionariesdatefromtheOldBabylonianperiod(1800-1600B.C.),bywhichtimeSumerianhadceasedtobespoken,exceptbythescribes.TheearliestandmostimportantwordsinSumerianhadtheirowncuneiformsigns,whoseoriginswerepictographic,makinganinitialrepertoireofaboutathousandsignsorlogogra
4、ms.Beyondthesewords,two-thirdsofthislexiconnowconsistsofwordsthataretransparentcompoundsofseparatelogogramwords.Ihavegreatlyexpandedthesectioncontainingcompoundsinthisversion,butIknowthatmanymorecompoundwordscouldbeadded.Manycuneiformsignscanbepronouncedinmorethanone
5、wayandoftentwoormoresignssharethesamepronunciation,inwhichcaseitisnecessarytoindicateinthetransliterationwhichcuneiformsignismeant;Assyriologistshavedevelopedasystemwherebythesecondhomophoneismarkedbyanacuteaccent(´),thethirdhomophonebyagraveaccent(`),andtheremainder
6、bysubscriptnumerals.[Ifthesmallfontsizepreventsyoufromseeingwhethertheaccentisacuteorgrave,clickonViewandZoomandscrollupto125%.]Thehomophonenumerationherefollowsthe'BCE-System'developedbyBorger,Civil,andEllermeier.The'accents'andsubscriptnumeralsdonotaffectthepronunc
7、iation.ThenumerationsystemisaconventiontoinformAssyriologistswhich,forexample,ofthemanycuneiformsignsthathavethereadingduactuallyoccursonthetablet.Aparticularsigncanoftenbetranscribedinalongway,suchasdug4,orinashortway,suchasdu11,becauseSumerianwaslikeFrenchinomittin
8、gcertainamissablefinalconsonantsexceptbeforeafollowingvowel.Duetothislexicon'setymologicalorientation,youwillusuallyfindawordlisted
