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1、LOGICMADEEASYALSOBYDEBORAHJ.BENNETTRandomnessLOGICMADEEASYHowtoKnowWhenLanguageDeceivesYouDEBORAHJ.BENNETTW•W•NORTON&COMPANYI^INEWYORKLONDONCopyright©2004byDeborahJ.BennettAllrightsreservedPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaFirstEditionForinformationaboutpermissiontoreprodu
2、ceselectionsfromthisbook,writetoPermissions,WWNorton&Company,Inc.,500FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10110ManufacturingbyTheHaddonCraftsmen,Inc.BookdesignbyMargaretM.WagnerProductionmanager:JuliaDruskinLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataBennett,DeborahJ.,1950-Logicmadeea
3、sy:howtoknowwhenlanguagedeceivesyou/DeborahJ.Bennett.—1sted.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-393-05748-81.Reasoning.2.Languageandlogic.I.Title.BC177.B422004160—dc222003026910WWNorton&Company,Inc.,500FifthAvenue,NewYork,N.Y.10110www.wwnorton.comWWNorton
4、&CompanyLtd.,CastleHouse,75/76WellsStreet,LondonWlT3QT1234567890CONTENTSINTRODUCTION:LOGICISRAREI1Themistakeswemakel3Logicshouldbeeverywhere18Howhistorycanhelp191PROOF29ConsistencyisallIask29Proofbycontradiction33Disproof36IALL40AllSareP42ViceVersa42Familiarity—helporhind
5、rance?41Clarityorbrevity?5078CONTENTS3ANOTTANGLESEVERYTHINGUP53Thetroublewithnot54Scopeofthenegative58AandEpropositionss9Whennomeansyes—the"negativepregnant"anddoublenegative61kSOMEIsPARTORALLOFALL64Someisexistential6sSomeare;somearenot68A,E,I,andOJO5SYLLOGISMS73Sorites,o
6、rheap8sAtmosphereofthe"sillygism"88Knowledgeinterfereswithlogic89Truthinterfereswithlogic90Terminologymadesimple916WHENTHINGSAREIFFY96Theconverseoftheconditional108Causation112ThecontrapositiveconditionalUS7SYLLOGISMSINVOLVINGIF,AND,ANDOR118Disjunction,an"or"statement119C
7、onjunction,an"and"statement121Hypotheticalsyllogisms124CONTENTS9Commonfallacies130Diagrammingconditionalsyllogisms1348SERIESSYLLOGISMS1379SYMBOLSTHATEXPRESSOURTHOUGHTS145Leibniz'sdreamcomestrue:Booleanlogic15J10LOGICMACHINESANDTRUTHTABLES160Reasoningmachines160Truthtables
8、16sTrue,false,andmaybe16811FUZZYLOGIC,FALLACIES,ANDPARADOXES173Shaggylogic1J3Fallacies177Paradox
