Collingwood- An essay on philosophical Method 1993

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1、ANESSAYONPHILOSOPHICALMETHOD:;'""__ByR.G.COLLINGWOODOXFORD;ATTHECLARENDONpRESSI::.'o.fordUniursityPress,AmenHOl/se,LondonE.C.4GLASGOW~EWYORKTORONTOMELDOURSE\TLLtNGTOSnO:-IOAYCALCUTTAJ.fADRASCArETOWNGcoffrcyCumber/cg£',PllblishertotheUniversityFIRSTPUBLISHED1933Reprintedph

2、otographically,1950,attheUNIVERSITYPRESS,OXFORD,fromsheetsofthefirsteditionPRINTEDINGREATBRITAINCONTENTS1.INTRODUCTION§I.THEPROBLEM:,I.Philosophymustraisethequestionwhatphilosophyis.I2.Threesuggestedwaysofapproachingthisquestion23.Thewaytobefollowedhere:anaccountofphilosoph

3、icalmethod...'.••34.Importanceofthissubjectatthepresenttime4§2.THEMETHOD5.Necessityofrestrictingthesubjectunderdiscussion76.Significanceofthecomparisonbetweenphilosophicalandscientificthought...••9:;.§3.HISTORICALILLUSTRA:r~ONS~,7.Socrates10~8.'Plato.119.Descartes'"16./0::1

4、0.Ka?t.19H.THEOVERLAPOFCLASSES§I.THETHEORYOFCLASSIFICATIONINFORMALLOGICI.Thetraditionaltheoryofclassification.26....2.Itsapplicationin~xact(mathematical)science29::..:3.Its'applicationinempiricalscience-~..30§2.THEIMPOSSIBILITYOFAPPLYINGITRIGIDLYTOPHILO-SOPHICALCONCEPTS4.Sp

5、ecificclasseshereoverlaponeanother3I5.Thisfactlongrecognizedincertaincases326.Thecaseofconceptshavingaphilosophicalandanon-philosophicalphase.33".7.Theoverlapofclassesinlogic.36~8.Theoverlapofclassesinethics419.Significanceofthesefacts:thereaderinvitedtoadmittheirgenuinenes

6、s-forthesakeofa··lument.•43.CONTENTS§3.CO~SEQ1]fu~CESFORPHILOSOPHICALMETHOD10.?lIethodspropertoscience(exactorempirical)inappli-cableinphilosophy,owingtotheoverlapofclasses.46I1.Thefallacyofprecariousmargins47I::.ThefaUacyofidentifiedcoineidents4813.Theircommonground:thefaU

7、acyoffalsedisjunction4914.Thefirstruleofphilosophicalmethod:«mI'EV'Tbam-b...'Adistinctionwithoutadifference'...49IS.CorolIariesofthisrule.(a)Theobjectofphilosophicalthoughtcannotbeaclassificatorysystem..5016.(b)Noryetanaggregate,i.e.awholeofseparableparts.SI17.ThesecorolIar

8、iestobeunderstoodonlyaswarningsagainstunadvisedlyassumingtheopposite52Ill.THESCALE